Gonepteryx rhamni

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Pieridae

'The Pieridae are members of the Superfamily Papilionoidea, the true butterflies. Worldwide in distribution, most species are found in the tropics. Adults have medium to small wings that are white, yellow, or orange, with some black or red, and many have hidden ultraviolet patterns that are used in courtship . Species with more than one generation usually have distinct seasonal variation in appearance . Adults of all species visit flowers for nectar, and adults of both sexes have three pairs of walking legs . Males patrol in search of receptive mates, and females lay columnar eggs on leaves, buds, and stems. The majority of caterpillars of North American whites and sulphurs feed on legumes or crucifers (members of the Mustard family ). Typically, temperate species overwinter in the pupal or larval stage , while tropical species overwinter as adults.

'[1]

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,595 meters (0 to 8,514 feet).[2]

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: LT ([m ])

Last scrutiny: 03-Jan-2008

Similar Species

Members of the genus Gonepteryx

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 4 species and subspecies in this genus:

G. cleobule (Canary Brimstone) · G. maderensis (Madeiran Brimstone) · G. rhamni (Brimstone) · G. rhamni rhamni (Common Brimstone Butterfly)

More Info

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Further Reading

• 2nd International congress of entomology, Oxford, August, 1912. .. Oxford, Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., 1913-14. url p. 370.
• A guide to Belfast and the counties of Down & Antrim / prepared for the meeting of the British Association by the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club. Belfast: M'Caw, Stevenson & Orr, ltd., 1902. url p. 199.
• A guide to the natural history of the Isle of Wight: a series of contributions by specialists relating to the various branches of natural history and kindred subjects / edited by Frank Morey. Newport, Isle of Wight: The County Press, 1909. url p. 396.
• A handbook of British Lepidoptera, by Edward Meyrick. London, Macmillan, 1895. url p. 351.
• A natural history of the British Lepidoptera: a text-book for students and collectors / by J.W. Tutt. London: S. Sonnenschein, 1899-1904. url p. 9.
• A natural history of the British butterflies; their world-wide variation and geographical distribution. A text-book for students and collectors. London: E. Stock, [19--?] url p. 9.
• A naturalist in Himalaya, by R. W. G. Hingston, with plates and text figures. London: H. F. & G. Witherby, 1920. url p. 198.
• A survey and record of Woolwich and West Kent containing descriptions and records, brought up-to-date, of geology, botany, zoology, archaeology and industries of the district, with a brief photographic commentary, in commemoration of the 12th Ann General editors, C.H. Grinling, T.A. Ingram [and] B.C. Polkinghorne. Woolwich: Labour Representation Print. Co., 1909. url p. 334.
• Abstract of proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London [Eng.]: South London Entomological and Natural History Society, [1885-1896] url p. 122, p. 141, p. 160, p. 18, p. 186, p. 42, p. 46, p. 63.
• An atlas of the chromosome numbers in animals. Ames, Iowa State College Press[1951] url p. 173.
• An introduction to zoology, with directions for practical work (invertebrates) London, Macmillan, 1913. url , , , p. 2, p. 238, p. 452.
• Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 66.
• Bibliography (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) / Charles A. Bridges. Urbana, Ill.: C.A. Bridges, c1993. url p. 116, p. 174, p. 222, p. 31, p. 55, p. 96.
• Biodiversity trends and threats in Europe: development and test of a species trend indicator RIVM, UNEP-WCMC url p. 43, p. 50, p. 65.
• British and European butterflies and moths (Macrolepidoptera). By A. W. Kappel. .. and W. Egmont Kirby. .. With thirty coloured plates by H. Deuchert and S. Slocombe. Printed in [Nuremberg] Bavaria. London, E. Nister;[1895] url p. 4, plate III.
• British butterflies. London: A. and C. Black, 1918. url p. 27, p. 41, p. 41.
• British flowering plants. By W. F. Kirby. With 120 coloured plates, showing the most important characters of each plant figured; and 119 illustrations in the text. London, Sidney Appleton, 1906. url p. 188, p. 188, p. 197, p. 52.
• British journal of entomology and natural history. [London]: British Entomological and Natural History Society, 1988- url , p. 157, p. 163, p. 22, p. 24, p. 46, p. 51, p. 52, p. 83, p. 94.
• Bulletin of miscellaneous information. Additional Series. Royal Gardens, Kew. 5 1906 [Kew, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens], 1898-1936; url p. 36.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1950-1977. url p. 400.
• Butterflies and moths at home / sixty photographs from nature by A. Forrester. London: Gowans & Gray, 1907. url p. 13, p. 17.
• Butterflies and moths at home: sixty photographs from nature / by A. Forrester. London: Gowans & Gray, 1905. url p. 16, p. 17.
• Butterflies. Vol. I-II. / By Lieut.-Colonel C. T. Bingham. Calcutta and Simla, Taylor and Francis;1905-1907. url p. 228, p. 229, p. 231.
• Cassell's natural history. Ed. by P. Martin Duncan. .. London [etc]Cassell & Company, Limited, 1891-96. url p. 48.
• Catalogue of Papilionidae & Pieridae (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) / Charles A. Bridges. Urbana, Ill: C.A. Bridges, 1988. url p. 24, p. 38, p. 65.
• Catalogue of museum of natural history and miscellaneous antiquities, curios, &c., collected by Rev. Donald Miller. Bordighera, Italy, Manse Printing Press[1922] url p. 53.
• Catalogue of scientific papers (1800-1900) Comp. by the Royal society of London. Cambridge, C. J. Clay and sons, 1867-1902; url p. 70.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. url p. 70.
• Colour in nature; a study in biology, London, J. Murray, 1898. url .
• Colouration in animals and plants / by the late Alfred Tylor, edited by Sidney B. J. Skertchly. London: Printed by Alabaster, Passmore and Sons, 1886. url , , p. 40, p. 40.
• Common British insects selected from the typical beetles, moths, and butterflies of Great Britain, by the Rev. J.G. Wood. With one hundred and thirty figures by E.A. Smith engraved by G. Pearson. London, Longmans, Green, and co., 1882. url p. 185.
• Essex naturalist: being the journal of the Essex Field Club. Buckhurst Hill, Essex, The Club. url p. 154.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. url , p. 54, p. 949.
• Familiar wild flowers figured and described by F. Edward Hulme. .. 1st- ser.. .. London, Cassell and company, limited, [1878- url p. 38.
• Francis Orpen Morris: a memoir / by his son M.C.F. Morris. London: J.C. Nimmo, 1897. url p. 98.
• Guide to California insects. Berkeley, The Law press, 1913. url p. 24.
• Hampstead Hill: its structure, materials and sculpturing / by J. Logan Lobley; with The flora of Hampstead, by Henry T. Wharton; The insect fauna of Hampstead, by F. A. Walker; and The birds of Hampstead, by J. Edmund Haring. London: Roper and Drowley, 1889. url p. 82.
• Hampstead Hill; its structure, materials, and sculpturing. With The flora of Hampstead by Henry T. Wharton; The insect fauna of Hampstead, by F.A. Walker; and The birds of Hampstead, by J. Edmund Harting. LondonRoper and Drowley1889 url p. 82.
• Ichneumonologia britannica. The ichneumons of Great Britain; a descriptive account of the families, genera and species indigenous to the British islands, together with notes as to classifiation, localitites, habitats, host, etc. By Claude Morley. Plymouth: J.H. Keys, 1903-1914. url p. 133, p. 202, p. 210.
• Index to the literature of American economic entomology. Melrose Highlands, Mass. [etc.], American Association of Economic Entomologists [etc.], 1917-62. url p. 162.
• Insect life, by C. A. Ealand, M. A., with 74 full-page illustrations, 24 being from photographs by the author and 50 in colour from nature. 1921 London, A. & C. Black, ltd., 1921. url p. x.
• Insects at home, being a popular account of those insects which are useful or destructive and minutely describing their structure, habits, etc. New York, Alden, 1884. url , p. 393.
• Insects at home: being a popular account of all those insects which are useful or destructive, and minutely describing their structure, habits, and transformations / by J. G. Wood, with upwards of seven hundred figures by E. A. Smith and J. B. Zwecker; engraved by G. Pearson. New York: John B. Alden, 1883. url , p. 390.
• Insects. Ottawa: T. Mulvey [etc.], 1919-1920. url p. 58, p. 69.
• International catalogue of scientific literature. LondonPublished for the International Council by the Royal Society of London1901-1920 url p. 106, p. 153, p. 49.
• Journal and proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 4 1908 Calcutta, Asiatic Society of Bengal. url p. 218.
• Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] url , .
• Journal of the New York Entomological Society. Lawrence, Kan.: Allen Press [etc.] url p. 105, p. 317.
• Life and letters of Alexander Goodman More, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., M.R.I.A., with selections from his zoological and botanical writings; ed. by C.B. Moffat, B.A., with a preface by Frances M. More. Dublin, Hodges, Figgis & co. (ltd.)1898. url p. 66.
• List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera. [By] George T. Porritt. .. London, A. Brown & Sons, ltd., 1904. url p. 193, p. 7.
• Manual of elementary zoology. London, Oxford University Press, 1958. url p. 256, p. 745.
• Materials for the study of variation: treated with especial regard to discontinuity in the origin of species / by William Bateson. London: Macmillan, 1894. url p. 25, p. 283, p. 45, p. 582.
• Memories of the months. Sixth series, by the Right Hon. Sir Herbert Maxwell, bart. London: E. Arnold, 1919. url p. 209.
• Museum bulletin / New York State Museum. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 66.
• Natural science. London: Macmillan & Co., [1892-1899] url p. 383.
• Polskie pismo entomologiczne = Polish journal of entomology = Bulletin entomologique de Pologne Warszawa [etc.]Panstwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. url p. 160.
• Proceedings - Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. Dorchester, Eng. url , p. 197.
• Proceedings and transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society. London, British Entomological and Natural History Society. url p. 103, p. 109, p. 112, p. 113, p. 114, p. 117, p. 117, p. 121, p. 122, p. 124, p. 128, p. 13, p. 130, p. 132, p. 140, p. 150, p. 16, p. 19, p. 20, p. 20, p. 21, p. 22, p. 24, p. 28, p. 28, p. 3, p. 32, p. 40, p. 45, p. 45, p. 47, p. 52, p. 53, p. 58, p. 59, p. 60, p. 61, p. 61, p. 62, p. 63, p. 64, p. 69, p. 70, p. 90, p. 91, p. 94, p. 95, p. 99.
• Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London [Eng]: South London Entomological and Natural history Society, [1897-1933] url p. 10, p. 101, p. 106, p. 106, p. 116, p. 124, p. 135, p. 15, p. 20, p. 31, p. 32, p. 37, p. 42, p. 49, p. 51, p. 52, p. 55, p. 57, p. 57, p. 58, p. 59, p. 59, p. 61, p. 65, p. 71, p. 72, p. 73, p. 74, p. 75, p. 78, p. 8, p. 80, p. 88, p. 90, p. 91, p. 96, p. 98, p. 99, p. 99.
• Science-gossip. Berlin: R. Friedländer & Sohn, [1894]-1902. url p. 159, p. 168, p. 191, p. 209, p. 240, p. 286, p. 351, p. 55, p. 72.
• Spixiana. 12 1989 München: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, 1977- url p. 301.
• System of ophthalmology. St. Louis, Mosby, 1958- url p. 804.
• Text-book of zoology; treated from a biological standpoint, by Dr. Otto Schmeil; tr. from the German by Rudolf Rosenstock, M. A.; ed. by J. T. Cunningham, M. A. London, A. and C. Black, 1901. url p. 327.
• The British nature book; a complete handbook and guide to British nature study, embracing the mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, plants, etc., in the United Kingdom, by S.N. Sedgwick. .. Edinburgh, T.C. & E.C. Jack, Ltd., 1922. url p. 226.
• The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , p. 10, p. 101, p. 102, p. 102, p. 103, p. 103, p. 104, p. 105, p. 105, p. 105, p. 108, p. 108, p. 109, p. 11, p. 11, p. 11, p. 110, p. 110, p. 111, p. 111, p. 112, p. 112, p. 113, p. 113, p. 113, p. 115, p. 116, p. 118, p. 12, p. 12, p. 120, p. 120, p. 121, p. 121, p. 123, p. 124, p. 125, p. 126, p. 126, p. 128, p. 128, p. 128, p. 13, p. 131, p. 131, p. 135, p. 135, p. 137, p. 138, p. 139, p. 14, p. 14, p. 140, p. 140, p. 141, p. 142, p. 144, p. 145, p. 145, p. 147, p. 148, p. 148, p. 150, p. 151, p. 151, p. 153, p. 154, p. 154, p. 154, p. 155, p. 158, p. 16, p. 16, p. 160, p. 163, p. 164, p. 165, p. 165, p. 165, p. 166, p. 167, p. 168, p. 168, p. 169, p. 17, p. 172, p. 172, p. 172, p. 173, p. 174, p. 175, p. 175, p. 18, p. 181, p. 182, p. 183, p. 184, p. 185, p. 185, p. 185, p. 185, p. 186, p. 188, p. 188, p. 188, p. 189, p. 19, p. 19, p. 19, p. 190, p. 192, p. 193, p. 193, p. 193, p. 194, p. 196, p. 197, p. 197, p. 197, p. 198, p. 198, p. 198, p. 199, p. 199, p. 2, p. 20, p. 20, p. 201, p. 202, p. 203, p. 203, p. 206, p. 207, p. 207, p. 208, p. 209, p. 209, p. 21, p. 215, p. 216, p. 216, p. 218, p. 219, p. 219, p. 223, p. 224, p. 224, p. 224, p. 224, p. 226, p. 229, p. 23, p. 23, p. 230, p. 230, p. 231, p. 231, p. 233, p. 234, p. 235, p. 235, p. 237, p. 237, p. 237, p. 237, p. 239, p. 239, p. 24, p. 24, p. 240, p. 244, p. 244, p. 246, p. 246, p. 247, p. 248, p. 248, p. 248, p. 25, p. 25, p. 250, p. 251, p. 253, p. 254, p. 258, p. 259, p. 26, p. 260, p. 260, p. 261, p. 262, p. 262, p. 263, p. 266, p. 266, p. 269, p. 27, p. 272, p. 272, p. 276, p. 276, p. 277, p. 277, p. 278, p. 279, p. 279, p. 279, p. 279, p. 28, p. 28, p. 280, p. 280, p. 280, p. 281, p. 281, p. 281, p. 283, p. 283, p. 284, p. 285, p. 286, p. 287, p. 288, p. 289, p. 290, p. 291, p. 291, p. 294, p. 296, p. 298, p. 3, p. 30, p. 30, p. 30, p. 302, p. 302, p. 304, p. 305, p. 308, p. 311, p. 311, p. 312, p. 314, p. 317, p. 317, p. 317, p. 32, p. 32, p. 32, p. 32, p. 320, p. 321, p. 321, p. 322, p. 322, p. 329, p. 329, p. 33, p. 33, p. 33, p. 332, p. 338, p. 34, p. 34, p. 34, p. 340, p. 341, p. 342, p. 342, p. 358, p. 358, p. 36, p. 36, p. 38, p. 38, p. 39, p. 4, p. 4, p. 4, p. 4, p. 41, p. 41, p. 41, p. 42, p. 45, p. 45, p. 46, p. 47, p. 47, p. 47, p. 47, p. 48, p. 49, p. 49, p. 50, p. 51, p. 51, p. 52, p. 52, p. 52, p. 53, p. 53, p. 55, p. 56, p. 56, p. 57, p. 58, p. 59, p. 6, p. 62, p. 64, p. 64, p. 64, p. 65, p. 67, p. 68, p. 68, p. 68, p. 7, p. 70, p. 72, p. 72, p. 72, p. 72, p. 72, p. 73, p. 73, p. 74, p. 75, p. 75, p. 76, p. 76, p. 76, p. 76, p. 77, p. 77, p. 77, p. 78, p. 79, p. 79, p. 79, p. 8, p. 8, p. 80, p. 80, p. 80, p. 81, p. 82, p. 83, p. 83, p. 83, p. 83, p. 85, p. 85, p. 87, p. 89, p. 9, p. 90, p. 90, p. 90, p. 91, p. 92, p. 92, p. 92, p. 92, p. 92, p. 93, p. 94, p. 94, p. 94, p. 94, p. 94, p. 95, p. 97, p. 98, p. 99, p. 99, p. 99.
• The Hope reports. Oxford: Printed for private circulation, 1897-1958. url p. 13, p. 17, p. 18, p. 211, p. 265, p. 272, p. 273, p. 311, p. 354, p. 6, p. 8.
• The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason & Son, Ltd., 1892- url , , , , , p. 173, p. 18, p. 283, p. 65, p. 70, p. 82.
• The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, url p. 207, p. 364, p. 589.
• The Lepidoptera of the British Islands: a descriptive account of the families, genera, and species indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland, their preparatory states, habits, and localities / by Charles G. Barrett. London: L. Reeve, 1893-1907. url , p. 280.
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• Through Shên-kan; the account of the Clark expedition in north China, 1908-9. By Robert Sterling Clark and Arthur de C. Sowerby, ed. by Major C. H. Chepmell. London [etc.]T. F. Unwin, 1912. url p. 193, p. 193.
• Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club. London: Gurney & Jackson, 1879- url p. 28, p. 6.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 17, 2012.
• GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System. Release date: November 23, 2008
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 26, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 11 providers.
• LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 26, 2008:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen: Biologiezentrum Linz
• Finnish Museum of Natural History: Hatikka Observation Data Gateway
• GBIF-Sweden: Bugs (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• GBIF-Sweden: Lepidoptera (Observations)
• GBIF-Sweden: Lepidoptera (Specimens NRM)
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn
• Institute of Environmental Sciences UJ: Lepidoptera of Cracow City
• Institute of Nature Conservation PAS: Bumblebees, cuckoobees and butterflies
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences: Invertebrate collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Norwegian Lepidoptera collection, Oslo
• Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun: The Distribution Atlas of Butterflies in Poland
• SysTax
• SysTax: Lobbecke Museum Dusseldorf
• University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology: Lepidoptera collection of Hannu Saarenmaa
• University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology: Lepidopterological Society of Finland

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2976982
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Gar-2051
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 1039463
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 633526

Footnotes

1. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/taxonomy?f=15&sci=Pieridae&com=Whites and Sulphurs [back]
2. Mean = 144.320 meters (473.491 feet), Standard Deviation = 206.200 based on 14,060 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.