Gavia immer

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

• The Loon is the most proficient of foot-propelled underwater swimmers. A powerful forward thrust is provided by simultaneously kicking its feet outward, then bringing them backward and toward each other. The tarsus is flattened, and a long forward extension of the tibia permits a larger flexor muscle of the tarsus. The upper portion of the leg and its muscles fit smoothly into the streamlined body.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Vegetation: freshwater marshes, coastal waters • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Medium

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,869 meters (0 to 12,694 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour This species is strongly migratory, with inland breeding populations moving south or to the coast after breeding1. The species breeds from May onwards in isolated solitary pairs, nesting later further to the north depending on the timing of the thaw1. Adults become flightless for a short time in late-winter when they moult their flight feathers3. During the winter the species occurs singly, in pairs or in small loose flocks in marine habitats2, 3, occasionally also forming large congregations of c.3001, 3. Habitat Breeding The species breeds on large, deep freshwater lakes in coniferous forest or on open tundra1, requiring clear water with visibilities of at least 3-4 m and small islands (less than 2.5 ha) for nesting7. Non-breeding It winters along the coast on exposed rocky shores , sheltered bays1, channels and sheltered inlets2 showing a preference for shallow inshore waters7. It may also be found inland1 on lakes and reservoirs during this season2, although this is largely influenced by the weather7. Diet Its diet consists predominantly of fish as well as crustaceans, molluscs , aquatic insects, annelid worms, frogs , other amphibians and plant matter (e.g. Potamogeton spp. , willow Salix spp. shoots , roots , seeds, moss and algae)1. Breeding site The nest is a mound of plant matter screened by vegetation2 and placed near the water's edge1 on islands, islets or promontories2. Management information There is evidence that introducing floating nesting platforms on lakes is successful in increasing the reproductive success of the species5, 7, and that nest losses caused by flooding can be reduced by controlling water levels during the nesting period7. Mortality from entanglement and drowning in fishing nets could also be reduced by using fish traps with openings at the top to allow birds to escape , or by checking traps more regularly for captured birds7.

[2].

List of Habitats :

•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.10     Wetlands (inland) - Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from snowmelt)   
  
•     9     Marine Neritic   
  
•     9.1     Marine Neritic - Pelagic   
  
•     9.2     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs   
  
•     9.3     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel   
  
•     9.4     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy   
  
•     9.5     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud   
  
•     9.7     Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp   
  
•     9.9     Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged)   
  
•     9.10     Marine Neritic - Estuaries   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Primarily:

Fish

Lesser Quantities of: Aquatic Invertebrates

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : Wetland-open water
• Clutch Size: 2
• Length of Incubation : 26-31 days
• Days to Fledge : 75-80
• Number of Broods: 1

Migration

migratory

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Gavia immer (Brunnich, 1764) • Gavia immer (Brnnich, 1764)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 13-Jun-2007

Similar Species

Yellow-Billed Loon

Members of the genus Gavia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 11 species and subspecies in this genus:

G. adamsii (White-Billed Northern Diver) · G. arctica (Green-Throated Black-Billed Loon) · G. arctica arctica (Arctic Loon) · G. arctica pacifica (Arctic Loon) · G. arctica viridigularis (Arctic Loon) · G. immer (Lesser Black-Billed Loon) · G. immer elasson (Lesser Black-Billed Loon) · G. immer immer (Lesser Black-Billed Loon) · G. pacifica (Pacific Diver) · G. stellata (Pepper-Shinned Loon) · G. stellata stellata (Pepper-Shinned Loon)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states: including those used for food which have disappeared since the settlement of the country, and those which are now hunted for food or sport, with observations on their former abundance and recent decre Boston: Wright & Potter printing company, state printers, 1912. url p. 50, p. 50.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Gavia immer. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Avian Knowledge Network, eBird
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• Royal Ontario Museum, Bird specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-174469
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2481685
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 174469
• IUCN ID: 210812
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNBA01030
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 7213

Footnotes

1. Mean = 255.120 meters (837.008 feet), Standard Deviation = 528.570 based on 7,517 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2009. Gavia immer. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.