Gallinula chloropus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Brackish ponds . Occasionally in freshwater ponds.

Vegetation: freshwater marshes • Maximum Elevation: 4,000 meters • Foraging Strata: Water • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,622 meters (0 to 15,164 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour This species is predominantly sedentary or locally dispersive, but makes partially or fully migratory movements in the northern parts of its range due to its vulnerability to freezing conditions2. Most northern populations move south from September to December, returning again from March to May1. The species breeds in solitary territorial pairs during the spring , especially during wet months (the exact timing varying geographically)1. It remains largely solitary throughout the year although juveniles and adults may form diurnal feeding groups of up to 30 individuals in the winter, especially during hard weather2, often congregating on sheltered lakes and ponds1. Habitat The species inhabits freshwater wetlands, both still and moving, requiring easy access to open water1 and showing a preference for waters sheltered by woodland, bushes or tall emergent vegetation1, 2. Suitable habitats include slow-flowing rivers1, 2, oxbow lakes2, streams , canals, ditches, lakes, reservoirs , sites with small open water surfaces such as pools and ponds only a few metres across, swamps , marshes1, 2, seasonally flooded sites1 such as flood-plains2, disused gravel pits , rice-fields1, 2, sewage ponds2, and occasionally mangroves (Puerto Rico) and seashores (Azerbaijan)2. It generally avoids very open sites (especially those exposed to wind or wave action)1, 2 and oligotrophic or saline habitats (although it may be found on brackish waters)1, 2. When foraging the species may range onto drier grassland, agricultural land or meadows, and on migration and in the winter months it can often be observed on damp grassland away from water2. Diet The species is omnivorous and opportunistic , its diet consisting of earthworms, crustaceans, molluscs , adult and larval insects (especially flies, mayflies, caddisflies, bugs, beetles and Lepidoptera), spiders, small fish, tadpoles and occasionally birds eggs , as well as plant matter such as filamentous algae, moss, the vegetative parts of reeds and aquatic plants , the seeds of reeds, rushes, sedges, water-lilies, waterside herbaceous vegetation, trees (Ulmus spp. ) and cereal crops , flowers of Eichhornia spp., and the berries and fruits of yew, Rubus, Sorbus, Rosa, Crataegus, Rhamnus, Hedera, Sambucus, Hippophae spp. and various orchard trees1. Breeding site The nest varies between a shallow saucer and a deep cup constructed from twigs and waterside vegetation, and can be floating on or positioned up to 1 m above water in emergent vegetation , or positioned on a solid platform of branches in water. Less often the nest is placed in ground vegetation or in low bushes on the bank near water, or in bushes and trees up to 8 m from the ground1. Management information Early harvesting in rice-fields should be avoided as it harms nests and young broods of this species2.

[2].

List of Habitats:

•     5    Wetlands (inland)  
  
•     5.1    Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )  
  
•     5.3    Wetlands (inland) - Shrub Dominated Wetlands  
  
•     5.4    Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps, Fens , Peatlands  
  
•     5.5    Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)  
  
•     5.6    Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)  
  
•     5.7    Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)  
  
•     5.8    Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)  
  
•     5.13    Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Inland Deltas  
  
•     5.16    Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools  
  
•     13    Marine Coastal/Supratidal  
  
•     13.4    Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes  
  
•     13.5    Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Freshwater Lakes  
  
•     15    Artificial/Aquatic & Marine  
  
•     15.1    Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha)  
  
•     15.2    Artificial/Aquatic - Ponds (below 8ha)  
  
•     15.7    Artificial/Aquatic - Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels )  
  
•     15.9    Artificial/Aquatic - Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches  

Biology

Diet

Mostly: Plant Matter. Lesser Quantities of: Aquatic Invertebrates .

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : Wetland-open water
• Clutch Size: 5-17
• Length of Incubation : 19-22 days
• Days to Fledge : 40-50+
• Number of Broods: occasionally 2, rarely 3

Migration

Some migrate

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 28-Nov-2006

Similar Species

American Coot

Members of the genus Gallinula

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 20 species and subspecies in this genus:

G. alleni (Allen's Gallinule) · G. angulata (Lesser Moorhen) · G. chloropus (Hawaiian Common Gallinule) · G. chloropus cachinnans (Common Moorhen) · G. chloropus chloropus (Common Moorhen) · G. chloropus guami (Common Moorhen) · G. chloropus sandvicensis (Common Moorhen) · G. comeri (Gough Moorhen) · G. flavirostris (Azure Gallinule) · G. martinica (American Purple Gallinule) · G. melanops (Spot-Flanked Gallinule) · G. melanops melanops (Spot-Flanked Gallinule) · G. mortierii (Tasmanian Native Hen) · G. nesiotis (Gough Moorhen) · G. nesiotis nesiotis (Gough Islands Coot) · G. pacifica (Samoan Wood Rail) · G. silvestris (San Cristobal Mountain Rail) · G. tenebrosa (Dusky Moorhen) · G. tenebrosa tenebrosa (Dusky Moorhen) · G. ventralis (Black-Tailed Native Hen)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Gallinula chloropus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 26, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Western Palearctic migrants in continental Africa
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Herts Bird Club - Hertfordshire Breeding Bird Atlas : 1988-1992
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 9277
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-202251
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3085810
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176284
• IUCN ID: 210457
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNME13010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 887

Footnotes

1. Mean = 921.000 meters (3,021.654 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,231.300 based on 4,461 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2009. Gallinula chloropus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.