Eudocimus albus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

White Ibises feed primarily on aquatic prey , including crayfish, crabs, insects, snakes , anurans, and fish. They usually breed in mixed-species colonies located over standing water , within freshwater marshes or ponds , or on coastal islands. Nesting occurs in trees , shrubs , cactus, and grass clumps , from ground level to a height of 15 m (50 ft ). The nests are round in shape and constructed of sticks , bent rushes, leaves, and roots . Clutches are 1 to 4 (usually 2 or 3) cream-to-greenish-colored eggs , speckled with brown, black, and reddish spots. Incubation requires 21 to 22 days, and the young are able to leave the nest at 9 to 16 days of age. Independence from parents, however, does not occur until 40 to 50 days of age.

Vegetation: freshwater marshes, freshwater lakes and ponds, tropical lowland evergreen forest, mangrove forests • Foraging Strata: Water • Center of Abundance: Lower tropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; tropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Medium

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 369 meters (1,210 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

• 1 Forest
• 1.7 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level
• 5 Wetlands (inland)
• 5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands
• 5.5 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)

Biology

Diet

Almost Exclusively: Fish Aquatic Invertebrates . Lesser Quantities of: Reptiles or Amphibians

Reproduction

Breeding Habitat : Wetland-open water Clutch Size: 2-5 Length of Incubation : 21-23 days Days to Fledge : 28-35

Migration

Some migrate. Nesting typically extends from March to August; however, historical records extend this from February through October. In winter, the White Ibis is generally rare or absent in the Panhandle. Spring and fall migration flights, generally in February and September-October, can be spectacular events. This species wanders widely and is nearly nomadic in breeding habits. After the breeding season , adults and juveniles may travel northward well outside of the breeding range.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Eudocimus albus (Linnaeus) • Eudocimus albus (Linnaeus, 1758) • Eudocimus albus Linnaeus 1758

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

Similar Species

Glossy Ibis, White-Faced Ibis

Members of the genus Eudocimus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 2 species and subspecies in this genus:

E. albus (American White Ibis) · E. ruber (Scarlet Ibis)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A Directory of Neotropical Wetlands. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 137, p. 138, p. 141, p. 145, p. 179, p. 215, p. 284, p. 285, p. 309, p. 310, p. 312, p. 313, p. 314, p. 315, p. 321, p. 322, p. 323, p. 324, p. 338, p. 364, p. 366, p. 372, p. 373, p. 375, p. 377, p. 379, p. 380, p. 381, p. 388, p. 389, p. 391, p. 392, p. 393, p. 396, p. 407, p. 409, p. 410, p. 412, p. 414, p. 418, p. 440, p. 445, p. 491, p. 503, p. 505, p. 506, p. 531, p. 533, p. 542, p. 544, p. 553, p. 635, p. 672.
• A check list of North American birds. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1882. url p. 105.
• A history of the birds of Europe: including all the species inhabiting the western palaearctic region / London: Published by the Author, 1871-1881. url p. 340.
• A survey of natural areas in Brunswick County, North Carolina: for The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url , .
• An early pleistocene avifauna from Inglis, Florida / by Gail Elaine Speaker Carr. 1981. url , p. 16, p. 17.
• Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, url p. 151, p. 364.
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- url p. 188, p. 556.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. url p. 119, p. 145, p. 148, p. 165, p. 672.
• Ardea. Amsterdam, etc., Nederlandse Ornithlogische Unie, etc. url p. 57.
• Biologia centrali-americana: Aves / [London: R.H. Porter], 1879-1904. url .
• Birds / by A.H. Evans. London: Macmillan, 1899 (1909 printing). url p. 100, p. 603.
• Birds / by Spencer Fullerton Baird; with the co-operation of John Cassin and George N. Lawrence. Washington, D.C., 1858. url p. 977.
• Birds in Kansas / Max C. Thompson & Charles Ely. 1 Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History: c1989- url p. 398, p. 54, p. ix.
• Birds of the Sierra Macarena, eastern Colombia. 44 1962 Chicago, Chicago Natural History Museum, 1962. url p. 73.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 43, p. 467, p. 92.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 131, p. 209.
• Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bloomington, Ill.: The Laboratory, 1876-1918. url p. 192.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1863- url p. 144, p. 144, p. 48.
• Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, [1876-1883] url p. 251.
• Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories / Department of the Interior. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1874- url p. 916.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Charles E. Hellmayr, Boardman Conover. 13 1948 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1948. url p. 262.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. CambridgeUniversity Press1908-14 url p. 194.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. url p. 266, p. 39.
• Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum / By E. W. Oates [and afterwards] by S. G. Reid [and] W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. London, 1901-12. url p. 103, p. 374.
• Catalogue of the collection of birds' eggs in the British museum (Natural history). London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1901-12. url p. 103, p. 374.
• Check-list of North American birds. [Ithaca, N.Y.]1957. url p. 55.
• Check-list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands / prepared by the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of the American Orni Lawrence, Kan.: American Ornithologists' Union, 1983. url p. 55, p. 800.
• Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931-1987. url p. 254.
• Coastal waterbird colonies, Maine to Virginia, 1977: an atlas showing colony locations and species composition / by R. Michael Erwin and Carl E. Korschgen; project officer, Ralph Andrews; performed for Coastal Ecosystems Project, Office of Biological Services, Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the In Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1979. url p. 2.
• Coral Reefs of the World. url p. 219.
• Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. IUCN url p. 301, p. 430, p. 725, p. 766.
• Exposure of marine birds to environmental pollutants / by Harry M. Ohlendorf, Robert W. Risebrough, Kees Vermeer. Washington: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978. url .
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. url , p. 131, p. 138, p. 141, p. 163, p. 4, p. 50.
• IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas IUCN url p. 165, p. 181, p. 41.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. url p. 148, p. 186, p. 337, p. 385, p. 387, p. 434, p. 436, p. 590, p. 672.
• Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. New York, The Academy. url p. 305.
• Key to North American birds. Containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary, inclusive of Greenland and Lower California Boston, Estes and Lauriat, 1894. url .
• List of the vertebrated animals now or lately living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. London, Printed for the Society, 1896. url p. 427, p. 427, p. 696.
• Lord Lilford on birds: being a collection of informal and unpublished writings by the late president of the British Ornithologists' Union. With contributed papers upon falconry and otter hunting, his favourite sports. Edited by Aubyn Trevor-Battye and illustrated by Archibald Thorburn. London, Hutchinson, 1903. url p. 289.
• Manual of the vertebrates of the northern United States, including the district east of the Mississippi River, and north of North Carolina and Tennessee, exclusive of marine species. By David Starr Jordan. .. Chicago, Jansen, McClurg & Company, 1884. url p. 134.
• Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. Cambridge [Mass.]: The Museum, 1876-1940. url p. 87, p. 87, p. 89, p. 89.
• Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, 1886- url p. 136, p. 32.
• Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 13 1984 San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931-1989. url p. 246, p. 269, p. 40.
• Nature. London, Macmillan. url p. 183, p. 240.
• New England bird life: being a manual of New England ornithology; rev. and ed. from the manuscript of Winfrid A. Stearns. .. by Dr. Elliott Coues. .. Boston, C.T. Dillingham, 1881-83. url p. 257, p. 407, p. 407, p. 407.
• New England bird life; being a manual of New England ornithology: rev.and ed. from the manuscript of Winfrid A. Stearns / Boston, C. T. Dillingham, 1883-, c1881. url , .
• Occasional papers - San Diego Society of Natural History. 1959 San Diego, The Society. url p. 44, p. 7.
• Ornithological bibliography. [Washington: Geological Survey [etc.], 1878-1880. url p. 916.
• Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems / [edited by], Edward T. LaRoe. .. [et al.]. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1995. url p. 529.
• Our living world; an artistic edition of the Rev. J. G. Wood's Natural history of animate creation. New York: S. Hess, [1885] url p. 657.
• Pesticides monitoring journal. [Washington, D.C.: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1967-1981. url p. 16, p. 56.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 24, p. 322.
• Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Boston [etc.]Boston Society of Natural History. url p. 308.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 217, p. 407, p. 495, p. 509.
• Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and financial report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents for the year ending June 30. .. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1933-1965. url p. 119, p. 148, p. 165.
• Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Washington, A. O. P. Nicholson, printer [etc.]1855-60. url , .
• Revised list of the vertebrated animals now or lately living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. Supplement containing additions received in 1872, 1873, and 1874. London, For the Society, 1875. url p. 40.
• Revue méthodique et critique des collections déposées dans cet établissement. Leyden, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. url p. 71.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 145 1962 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 1, p. 1, p. 125, fig. 20, p. 20, p. 217, p. 23, p. 472, p. 88, p. 89, p. 90.
• Smithsonian year. 1965 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1965-1976. url p. 175.
• South Carolina. Resources and population. Institutions and industries. Pub. by the State Board of Agriculture of South Carolina. Charleston, S.C.Walker, Evans & Cogswell, printers, 1883. url p. 229, p. 229.
• Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 1, p. 13, p. 28, p. 6.
• Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 8.
• The Auk. Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union, etc., 1884- url p. 287, p. 337, p. 367, p. 388, p. 409.
• The Avicultural magazine. Ascot, Berkshire, etc.: Avicultural Society, etc. url p. 216, p. 279, p. 71.
• The Cambridge natural history, London, Macmillan and Co., Limited;1895-1909 url , .
• The Cambridge natural history, ed. by S.F. Harmer. .. and A.E. Shipley. .. London, Macmillan and co., limited;1895-1909 url p. 100.
• The Coues check list of North American birds. Boston, Estes and Lauriat, 1882. url p. 105.
• The Nautilus. Melbourne, Fla., etc., American Malacologists, inc., etc. url p. 57.
• The Pleistocene avifauna of the Talara tar seeps, northwestern Peru. 1973. url , , .
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• Wagler's Six ornithological memoirs from the 'Isis.' Edited by P.L. Sclater. London[Printed by Taylor and Francis]1884. url p. 134.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. Eudocimus albus. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org . Downloaded on 21 October 2006.
• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Eudocimus albus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 2003, January 6. Florida's breeding bird atlas: A collaborative study of Florida's birdlife. http://www.myfwc.com/bba/ (Date accessed 2/22/2007).
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 06, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 12 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 06, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Bay of Fundy Species List (OBIS Canada)
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Royal Ontario Museum: Bird specimens
• UCLA-Dickey Bird Collection (UCLA-Dickey): Bird specimens
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8884
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-174930
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2481022
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 174930
• IUCN ID: 208629
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNGE01010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13671

Footnotes

1. Standard Deviation = 1,018.420 based on 16,355 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.