Epinephelus coioides

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Family : Sea basses: groupers and fairy basslets ; Inhabit turbid coastal reefs[1] and are often found in brackish water[2] over mud and rubble [3]. Juveniles are common in shallow waters of estuaries over sand , mud and gravel and among mangroves [3]. Feed on small fishes , shrimps, and crabs. Probably spawn during restricted periods and form aggregations when doing so (Ref. 27352). Eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic[3].

Near Threatened

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Ecology: Adults are reef-associated (FishBase 2003) and are often found in brackish water (Randall et. al. 1997) over mud and rubble (Kailola et. al. 1993). Juveniles are common in estuaries over sand , mud and gravel and among mangroves (Kailola et. al. 1993).

Maximum age recorded is 22 years (FishBase 2003).

Females are mature at 2530 cm total length (23 years old), sexual transition occurs at a length of 5575 cm, and the major spawning period in the Persian Gulf is from March to June (Heemstra and Randal 1993). In the southern Arabian Gulf it is March to May (Grandcourt et. al. 2003). In New Caledonia spawning aggregations form in late October to early December (M. Kulbicki, pers. comm. 2004). [4].

List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.7     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level   
  
•     9     Marine Neritic   
  
•     9.1     Marine Neritic - Pelagic   
  
•     9.8     Marine Neritic - Coral Reef   
  
•     9.9     Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged)   
  
•     9.10     Marine Neritic - Estuaries   
  
•     10     Marine Oceanic   
  
•     10.1     Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m)   
  
•     12     Marine Intertidal   
  
•     12.4     Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats   
  
•     13     Marine Coastal/Supratidal   
  
•     13.4     Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes   
[more info]

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Bola coioides • Bola coioides Hamilton • Bola coioides Hamilton, 1822 • Cephalopholis nebulosus (Valenciennes • Epinephelus coiodes • Epinephelus coiodes (Hamilton • Epinephelus coiodes (Hamilton, 1822) • Epinephelus coioides • Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider • Epinephelus nebulosus (Valenciennes • Epinephelus salmoides (Non Lacepde • Epinephelus suillus (Valenciennes • Epinephelus tauvina< /i> (Forssk�l • Homalogrystes guntheri Alleyne & Macleay • Serranus nebulosus Valenciennes • Serranus salmonoides Valenciennes • Serranus suillus Valenciennes

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

First described: Hamilton, F. An account of the fishes found in the River Ganges and its branches. Archibald Constable and Company , Edinburg. 405 p., 1822.

Last scrutiny: Data last modified by FishBase 25-Mar-1994

Frequently mis-identified as E. malabaricus or E. tauvina in aquaculture and fisheries literature (Heemstra and Randall 1993). [4].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Epinephelus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 120 species and subspecies in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

E. malabaricus (White Grouper) · E. acanthistius (Rooster Fish) · E. adscensionis (Rock Grouper) · E. aeneus (White Grouper) · E. akaara (Redspotted Grouper) · E. albomarginatus (White-Edge Freshwater Whipray) · E. amblycephalus (Yellow-Lipped Rock-Cod) · E. analogus (Rock Bass Spotted Cabrilla) · E. andersoni (Brown-Spotted Rockcod) · E. areolatus (Areolate Grouper) · E. ascensionis (Rock Grouper) · E. awoara (Yellow Goosefish) · E. bilobatus (Brown-Spotted Rock-Cod) · E. bleekeri (Bleeker´s Rock Cod) · E. bontoides (Palemargin Grouper) · E. bruneus (Longtooth Grouper) · E. brunneus (White-Spotted Reef-Cod) · E. caeruleopunctatus (White-Spotted Reef-Cod) · E. caninus (Dogtooth Grouper) · E. chabaudi (Modest Rockcod) · E. chlorocephalus (Tonga Grouper) · E. chlorostigma (Brownspotted Grouper) · E. cifuentesi (Olive Grouper) · E. ciliatus (Dusky Rockfish) · E. coeruleopunctatus (Whitespotted Grouper) · E. coioides (Orange-Spotted Grouper) · E. corallicola (Coral Grouper) · E. costae (Goldblotch Grouper) · E. cruentatus (Graysby) · E. cubanus (Leather Bass) · E. cyanopodus (Speckled Blue Grouper) · E. daemelii (Black Cod) · (Darwin Grouper) · E. diacanthus (Six-Barred Reef Cod) · E. drummondhayi (Strawberry Grouper) · E. epistictus (Black-Dotted Rock-Cod) · E. ergastularius (Grey-Banded Rock-Cod) · E. erythrurus (Cloudy Rock Cod) · E. exsul (10-Spine Grouper) · E. fasciatomaculatus (Rock Grouper) · E. fasciatomaculosus (Rock Grouper) · E. fasciatus (Black-Tipped Rock-Cod) · E. faveatus (Barred-Chest Grouper) · E. flavocaeruleus (Blue and Yellow Reef Cod) · E. flavocoeruleus (Blue and Yellow Reef Cod) · (Yellowfinned Grouper) · E. fulva (Coney) · E. fulvus (Coney) · E. fuscoguttatus (Brown-Marbled Grouper) · E. gabriellae (Gabriella´s Grouper) · E. goreensis (Dungat Grouper) · E. guttatus (Lucky Grouper) · E. haifensis (Haifa Grouper) · E. heniochus (Bridled Grouper) · E. hexagonatus (Hexagon Grouper) · E. howlandi (Howland Island Rock Cod) · E. impetiginosus (Marbled Grouper) · E. indistinctus (Somali Grouper) · E. ionthas (Southern Jewfish) · E. irroratus (Marquesan Grouper) · E. itajara (Atlantic Goliath Grouper) · E. jordani (Gulf Grouper) · E. labriformis (Lateralband Grouper) · E. lanceolatus (Queensland Grouper) · E. latifasciatus (Laterally-Banded Grouper) · E. lebretonianus (Mystery Grouper) · E. lepidopterus (Butterfly Perch) · E. longispinis (Streaky Spot Rockcod) · E. longispinus (Long-Spine Rock Cod) · E. macrospilos (Snubnose Grouper) · E. macrospilus (Large-Spotted Rockcod) · E. maculatus (Highfin Grouper) · E. magniscuttis (Speckled Grouper) · E. malabaricus (Malabar Grouper) · E. marginatus (Yellowbelly Rockcod) · E. melanostigma (Blackspot Honeycomb Grouper) · E. merra (Dwarf Spotted Grouper) · E. miliaris (Honeyfin Grouper) · E. morio (Cherna De Vivero) · E. morrhua (Banded-Check Reef-Cod) · E. multinotatus (White-Blotched Grouper) · E. mystacinus (Bigeyed Grouper) · (Black Gouper) · E. niphobles (Star-Studded Grouper) · (Grouper) · E. octofasciatus (Convict Groper) · E. ongus (White-Speckled Rock Cod) · E. oxygeneios (New Zealand Groper) · (Thompson's Rock-Cod) · E. poecilonotus (Dot-Dash Grouper) · E. polleni (Blue-Lined Grouper) · E. polylepis (Smallscaled Grouper) · E. polyphekadion (Smooth Flowery Rock-Cod) · E. polystigma (White-Spotted Rock-Cod) · E. posteli (Striped-Fin Grouper) · (Hawaiian Gold-Barred Butterflyfish) · E. quinquefasciatus (Pacific Goliath Grouper) · E. quoyanus (Longfin Grouper) · E. radiatus (Oblique-Banded Cardinalfish) · E. retouti (Red-Tipped Rockcod)

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Further Reading

• Anon. (1993). Computerized catalog of the fish collection. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California.
• Anonymous. 1993. Fishing Industry Organization and Marketing Amendment Regulation (No. 3). Subordinate Legislation No. 235. State of Queensland.
• Anonymous. 2002. Public Consultation Document. Environmental Impact Statement on the Ocean Hauling Fishery - Appendix F. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra, Australia
• Assadi, H. and R. Dehghani P. (1997). Atlas of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman fishes. Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization, Iran.
• Biusing, E. R., M. Phillips, and A. S. Cabanban. 1999. Aquaculture of coral reef fishes and other nearshore fishes in Sabah, Malaysia. pp. 74-86. In: Cabanban, A. S. and Phillips, M. (eds.) Aquaculture of Coral Reef Fishes and Sustainable Fisheries. Proceedings Workshop on Aquaculture of Coral Reef Fishes and Sustainable Reef Fisheries. Institute of Development Studies, Sabah, Malaysia. 274 pp.
• Burke, L., Selig, E. and Spalding, M. 2002. Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. World Resources Institute.
• Cheung, W.L. (2001) Restocking &ndash; an effective measures to restore the depleted fishery stocks in Hong Kong. Porcupine 24, p12-14.
• Cheung, W.L. (2001) Restocking – an effective measures to restore the depleted fishery stocks in Hong Kong. Porcupine 24, p12-14.
• Cheung, W.L. (2001) Restocking an effective measures to restore the depleted fishery stocks in Hong Kong. Porcupine 24, p12-14.
• Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter (1994). SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p.
• Grandcourt E.M., Al Abdessalaam T.Z., Francis F. and Al Shamsi, A.T. 2003. Population biology and stock assessment of the Orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, in the Southern Arabian Gulf. Internal report, Marine Environmental Research Centre, Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, UAE.
• Hamilton, F. 1822. An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches. Edinburgh & London.
• Hamilton, F. An account of the fishes found in the River Ganges and its branches. Archibald Constable and Company, Edinburg. 405 p., 1822.
• Heemstra, P.C. and Randall, J.E. 1993. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol. 16. Rome, FAO.
• Heemstra, Phillip C. and John E. Randall 1993. Groupers of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of the Grouper, Rockcod, Hind, Coral Grouper, and Lyretail Species Known to Date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis (125), Vol. 16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. ISBN: 92-5-103125-8.
• Hodgson, G. and Liebeler, J. 2002. The global coral reef crisis Trends and Solutions. California: unpublished manuscript.
• IUCN. 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 23 November 2004.
• Kailola, P.J., Williams, M.J., Stewart, P.C., Reichelt, R.E., McNee, A. and Grieve, C. 1993. Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia.
• Kolding, J., H. Tcheler and B. Chanda 1996 Assessment of the Bangweulu swamps fisheries: final report, December 1996. WWF Bangweulu Wetlands Project, University of Bergen. 51 p.
• Lau, P.F. and Parry-Jones, R. 1999. The Hong Kong Trade in Live Reef Fish for Food. TRAFFIC East Asia and World Wide Fund for Nature Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
• Lau, P.P.F.and Li, L.W.H. 2000. Identification Guide to Fishes in the Live Seafood Trade of the Asia-Pacific Region. WWF Hong Kong and Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. Hong Kong. 137pp.
• Liao, C.-I., H.-M. Su and E.Y. Chang (2001). Techniques in finfish larviculture in Taiwan. Aquaculture 200(2001):1-31.
• Mathews, C.P. and M. Samuel (1991). Growth, mortality and length-weight parameters for some Kuwaiti fish and shrimp. Fishbyte 9(2):30-33.
• McKenna, S.A. Allen, G.R. and Suryadi, S. 2002. A marine rapid assessment of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 22, Conservation International, Washington D.C.
• Mohsin A.K.M. and Ambak M.A. 1996. Marine fishes and fisheries of Malaysia and neighbouring countries. University of Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang, Malaysian.
• Morgan, G.R. 1983. A preliminary multi-species assessment of Kuwaits gargoor (fish trap) fishery. Annual Research Report, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 8:65-66.
• Myers, R.F. (1999). Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia, 3rd revised and expanded edition. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 330 p.
• Parenti, P. and N. Bressi (2001). First record of the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Perciformes: Serranidae) in the northern Adriatic Sea. Cybium v. 25 (no. 3): 281-284
• Prokop F. 2002. Australian Fish Guide. Australian Fishing Network, Victoria, Australia. 2nd reprint. Pp 224
• Randall, J.E. (1995). Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 p.
• Randall, J.E. 1995. Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
• Randall, J.E. 1995. Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii.
• Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra (1991). Revision of Indo-Pacific groupers (Perciformes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae), with descriptions of five new species. Indo-Pacific Fishes (20):332 p.
• Randall, J.E., Allen, G.R. and Steene, R.C. 1997. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Revised edition. Crawford House, Bathurst, NSW. 557pp.
• Sadovy, Y. 1998. A taste for live fish: Hong Kongs live reef fish market. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly 21(2):38-42.
• Sadovy, Y. 2000. Regional survey for fry/fingerling supply and current practices for grouper mariculture: evaluating current status and long-term prospects for grouper mariculture in South East Asia. Final report to the Collaborative APEC grouper research and development network (FWG 01/99). December, 2000.
• Sadovy, Y. and Cornish, A.S. 2000. Reef Fishes of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong. 320 pp.
• Smith, M.M. and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) (1986). Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 1047 p.
• Spalding M., Blasco B. and Field, C. 1997. World Mangrove Atlas. The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa. pp 178.
• Thollot, P. (1996). Les poissons de mangrove du lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Caldonie. ORSTOM ditions, Paris.
• Uwate K.R. & Shams A.J. ???? Bahrain fish stock enhancement: lessons learned and prospects for the future. Online report (Accessed: 30/04/2004).
• Uwate K.R. &amp; Shams A.J. ???? Bahrain fish stock enhancement: lessons learned and prospects for the future. Online report (Accessed: 30/04/2004).
• Werner, T.B and Allen, G.R. 1998. A rapid biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. RAP Working Papers 11, Conservation International, Washington D.C.
• Werner, T.B. and Allen, G.R. (eds). 2000. A rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the Calamianes Islands, Palawan Province, Philippines. Conservation International RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 17. Washington, D.C. pp. 1-127.
• Werner, T.B. and Allen, G.R. 1998. Reef fishes of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. In: T.B. Werner and G.R. Allen (eds), A Rapid Marine Biodiversity Assessment of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea--Survey II (2000). Conservation International, Washington, USA.
• Werner, T.B. and Allen, G.R. 2000. A rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the Calamianes Islands, Palawan province, Philippines. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 17. Conservation International, Washington, USA.
• Yashiro, R. 1996. Status of Grouper Breeding and Culture in Thailand. Online report (Accessed: 30/04/2004).

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Cornish, A. & Harmelin-Vivien, M. 2004. Epinephelus coioides. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
• FishBase
• FishBase 2006.
• FishBase. Release date: January 5, 2010
• Froese, R., and D. Pauly. FishBase 2004. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 04, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 7 providers.
• Heemstra, Phillip C. (from FishBase).
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 04, 2008:

• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• FishBase: FishBase DiGIR Provider - Philippine Server
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: AIMS - Baited Remote Underwater Video Station (OBIS Australia)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Bishop Museum Data (OBIS distribution) (USOBIS)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Bureau of Rural Sciences National commercial fisheries half-degree data set 2000-2002 (OBIS Australia)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: CSIRO Marine Data Warehouse (OBIS Australia)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity - Fish Collection (AfrOBIS)
• Museum national d'histoire naturelle: Ichtyologie
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Fish Collection
• OZCAM (Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums) Provider: Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
• Royal Ontario Museum: Fish specimens
• Senckenberg: Collection Pisces

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-26136
• Fishbase Species ID: 6465
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13827385
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 551050
• IUCN ID: 207768
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 110057

Footnotes

1. Lieske, E. and R. Myers (1994). Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p. [back]
2. Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene (1997). Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Second Edition. Revised and expanded edition. Crawford House Publishing Pty Ltd. Bathurst, NSW, Australia. 557 p. [back]
3. Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve (1993). Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. [back]
4. Cornish, A. & Harmelin-Vivien, M. 2004. Epinephelus coioides. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.