Dreissena polymorpha

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Mollusc. Zebra mussels are native to the Caspian and Black Seas . They are now established in the UK, Western Europe, Canada and the USA. They compete with zooplankton for food, thus affecting natural food webs . They also interfere with the ecological functions of native molluscs and cause great economic damage.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Tolerates salinity to 6 ppt, temperatures to approx. 29 C, will not settle in currents greater than 2 m/sec.

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 8 meters (25 feet).[1]

Ecology: This species occurs in a range of habitats , from freshwater to oligohaline waters in rivers , estuaries and coastal shallows of the Caspian Sea and other large brackish lakes (Therriault et al. 2004). In introduced regions, it has been found at depths of greater than 60 m (Therriault et al. 2004). It is most abundant on hard surfaces in calm waters upstream of dams (Birnbaum 2006).

Due to its bio-fouling properties (especially of ship hulls and industrial intake pipes, Birnbaum 2006) this species has had strong negative economic consequences in countries to where it has spread . It also has ecosystem-level impacts , including outcompeting native taxa, slowing down eutrophication, and bio-deposition, although these seem to manifest themselves towards the beginning of an invasion (Birnbaum 2006).[2].

List of Habitats:

•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.7     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
  
•     5.14     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes   
  
•     5.16     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools   
[more info]

Biology

Reproduction

Zebra mussels are dioecious and fertilize externally; larvae are planktonic for several weeks before settling and attaching to substrateEstimated at up to 1.5 million eggs per female per year; survival to adult stage may be less than 1%.

Fertilized egg hatches into trocophore (40-60 microns, 1-2 days), several stages of free-swimming planktonic veliger lasting 8-180 days (or longer in cold water ), then at 350 micron size the larvae settle as plantigrade mussels, attach to substrate as juveniles , and may mature within the first year of life under optimal conditions; maturity in the second year is more usual. Zebra mussels live 3-5 years.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Mytilus polymorphus

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

A molecular phylogenetic analysis, using 16S and COI sequence data , maintained this as a separate species distinct from other closely related ones, e.g. , D. rostriformis and D. stankovici (Therriault et al. 2004).[2].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Dreissena

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 2 species and subspecies in this genus:

D. bugensis (Quagga Mussel) · D. polymorpha (Zebra Mussel)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A Comprehensive Evaluation of Three Mussel Beds in Reach 15 of the Upper Mississippi River. Ft. BelvoirDefense Technical Information CenterOCT 1997. url , , .
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• A complete catalogue of British Mollusca. Compiled from Jeffreys' "British conchology, " with alterations and additions to date. By Charles Jefferys. .. Gloucester, H.W. Marsden, 1887. url p. 2.
• A descriptive manual of British land and fresh water shells, containing descriptions and figures of all the species, by Dixon and Watson. Printed for Dixon and Watson, Ayton School, near Stokesley. Darlington, H. Penney, Printer, 1858. url p. 79.
• A history of British Mollusca and their shells / by Edward Forbes and Sylvanus Hanley. London: J. Van Voorst, 1853. url p. 481, p. 481.
• A manual of the Mollusca: a treatise on recent and fossil shells / by Dr. S. P. Woodward; with an appendix of recent and fossil conchological discoveries to the present time, by Ralph Tate; illustrated by A. N. Waterhouse and Joseph Wilson Lowry. London: Virtue & Co., 1868. url p. 423, p. 69.
• A manual of the Mollusca: being a treatise on recent and fossil shells. London: C. Lockwood and Co., 1880. url p. 423, p. 536.
• A manual of the Mollusca: or, A rudimentary treatise of recent and fossil shells / by S. P. Woodward; illustrated by A. N. Waterhouse and Joseph Wilson Lowry. London, J. Weale, 1851-56. url p. 17, p. 266, p. 365.
• A manual of the Mollusca; or, A rudimentary treatise of recent and fossil shells, by S. P. Woodward. Illustrated by A. N. Waterhouse and Joseph Wilson Lowry. London, J. Weale, 1851-56. url p. 17.
• A manual of the land and fresh-water shells of the British Islands with figures of each of the kinds / by William Turton, M. D. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, 1857. url p. 260, p. 261, p. 291, p. 308.
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• The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha--a photographic guide to the identification of microscopic veligers / report and photographs prepared by Gordon J. Hopkins. [Toronto, Ont.]: Environment Ontario, c1990. url , , p. 1, p. 6, p. 7, p. 8.
• Threatened non-marine molluscs of Europe Council of Europe url p. 23.
• Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. Wellington: New Zealand Institute. url p. 131.
• Transactions of the Edinburgh Field Naturalists' and Microscopical Society. [Edinburgh]: The Club, 1891- url p. 62.
• Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. [Lexington, Ky.]Kentucky Academy of Science, 1923-1997. url p. 133, p. 25.
• Transactions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow. Glasgow, The Society. url .
• Value of mussel beds to sport fisheries, Project F-80-R: final report / Philip B. Moy and Richard E. Sparks. Havana, Ill.: Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Aquatic Ecology, [1991] url p. 127, p. 132, p. 144.
• Zoologist. London.1843-1916 url p. 329, p. 472, p. 7318, p. 96.
• Zoology: a systematic account of the general structure, habits, instincts, and uses of the principal families of the animal kingdom / by William B. Carpenter. London: Wm. S. Orr, 1848. url p. 406.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 31, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Van Damme, D. 2011. Dreissena polymorpha. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 06, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• NLBIF, Limnodata
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Bugs
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Invertebrates

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2693547
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-81339
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13746335
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 81339
• IUCN ID: 206077
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: IMBIVAE010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 17535

Footnotes

1. Standard Deviation = 46.000 based on 1,915 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. Van Damme, D. 2011. Dreissena polymorpha. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.