Cygnus cygnus

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,381 meters (0 to 4,531 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats : 14.2 Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland

Biology

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: October 17, 2001.

Similar Species

Trumpeter Swan, Tundra Swan

Members of the genus Cygnus

There are approximately 25 species in this genus:

C. anatoides · C. atratus (Black Swan) · C. bewicki · C. bewickii · C. bewickii bewickii · C. buccinator (Trumpeter Swan) · C. columbianus (Whistling Swan) · C. columbianus atlanticus (Tundra Swan) · C. columbianus bewickii (Bewick's Swan) · C. columbianus columbianus (Whistling Swan) · C. columbianus jankowskii · C. cygnus (Whooper Swan) · C. cygnus buccinator (Trumpeter Swan) · C. cygnus cygnus · C. cygnus islandicus · C. cygnys · C. herenthalsi · C. islandicus · C. melancoryphus (Black-Necked Swan) · C. melanocorypha (Black-Necked Swan) · C. minor · C. olor (Domestic Swan) · C. olor immutabilis · C. paloregonus · C. sumnerensis

More Info

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Further Reading

• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. ENG url p. 126.
• A hand-list of genera and species of birds of the Indian empire, by E. C. Stuart Baker Bombay, Printed by order of the committee of the Bombay natural history society[1923] ENG url p. 235.
• A hand-list of the Japanese birds. Edited by a special committee of the Ornithological Society of Japan. [Tokyo, Ornithological Society of Japan]1922. ENG url p. 34.
• Abhandlungen. Berlin, W. de Gruyter [etc.] GER url p. 84.
• Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki, Societas. ENG url p. 128, p. 166, p. 207, p. 246, p. 25, p. 28, p. 34, p. 36, p. 38.
• Alsop, Fred J. III. Birds of North America - Eastern Region. First American Edition. Smithsonian Handbooks. DK Publishing, Inc. 2001.
• An atlas of the chromosome numbers in animals. Ames, Iowa State College Press[1951] ENG url p. 253.
• Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum [etc.] GER url p. 317.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 103, p. 105, p. 118, p. 121, p. 149.
• Aquila. Budapest: A Magyar Ornithologiai Knt Kiadva, 1894- HUN url p. 107, p. 157, p. 167, p. 171, p. 172, p. 178, p. 217, p. 254, p. 262, p. 28, p. 315, p. 318, p. 356, p. 379, p. 38, p. 417, p. 446, p. 464, p. 474, p. 477, p. 5, p. 502, p. 74, p. 87, p. 98.
• Ardea. [Amsterdam, etc., Nederlandse Ornithlogische Unie, etc.] ENG url p. 136, p. 87, p. 88.
• Arkiv för zoologi / utgivet af K. Svenska vetenskaps-akademien. Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & soner, 1903-1974. SWE url p. 14, p. 86.
• Asteroid notes. Northfield, Minn, Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College, 1934-1950. ENG url p. 138.
• Atlante ornitologico: uccelli europei: con notizie d'indole generale e particolare / del dr. E. Arrigoni Degli Oddi. Milano: U. Hoepli, 1902. ITA url p. 452, p. 554.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• Beitr zur Vogelfauna der Mark Brandenburg. Materialen zu einer Ornithologie der norddeutschen Tiefebene auf Grund eigener Beobachtungen und darauf gegrr Studien. Berlin, Deutsche ornithologische Gesellschaft, 1919. GER url p. 153, p. 154, p. 209.
• Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Vogelwelt Islands, von Bernhard Hantzsch. Mit 26 Abbildungen und I Karte. Berlin, R. Friedler & Sohn, 1905. GER url p. 20, p. 216, p. 338, p. 69, p. 71.
• Berichte des "Vereins Schlesischer Ornithologen" Breslau [i.e. Wroclaw]: Der Verein, GER url p. 39.
• Bidrag till k©Þnnedom om Finlands natur och folk. Helsingfors: Finska vetenskaps-societeten, 1858- SWE url p. 341, p. 342, p. 344, p. 345, p. 346, p. 347, p. 348, p. 350, p. 352, p. 353, p. 354, p. 357, p. 365, p. 369, p. 370, p. 371, p. 372, p. 373, p. 374, p. 376, p. 377, p. 378, p. 379, p. 380, p. 387, p. 388, p. 391, p. 392, p. 393, p. 395, p. 396, p. 398, p. 399, p. 402, p. 403, p. 404, p. 405, p. 406, p. 408, p. 409, p. 410, p. 413, p. 414, p. 415, p. 416, p. 417, p. 418, p. 420, p. 421, p. 423, p. 424.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 278, p. 374.
• Bulletin / Peabody Museum of Natural History. New Haven: The Museum, ENG url p. 90.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 340, p. 61, p. 62.
• Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Andover: Intercept. ENG url p. 235.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Charles E. Hellmayr, Boardman Conover. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1948. ENG url p. 283, p. 284.
• Check-list of North American birds / prepared by a committee of the American ornithologists' union. Lancaster, Pa.: The Union, 1931. ENG url p. 36.
• Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903, im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des Innern, hrsg. von Erich von Drygalski. Berlin, G. Reimer, 1905-1931. GER url p. 535.
• Die V der Provinz Ostpreussen / von F. Tischler. Berlin: W. Junk, 1914. GER url p. 39, p. 43.
• Die Vogelfauna des Minussinsk Gebietes, des westlichen Teils des Sajan Gebirges und des Urjanchen-Landes. (Moscou)1913. GER url p. 48, p. 95.
• Excursionsbuch zum studium der Vogelstimmen. Praktische anleitung zum bestimmen der v nach ihrem gesange. von prof. dr. A. Voigt. Leipzig, Quelle u. Meyer[1909] GER url p. 280.
• Falco. Halle. GER url p. 35.
• Fauna arctica: eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 / Unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher Fachgenossen h Jena: G. Fischer, 19 GER url p. 112, p. 182, p. 183, p. 275, p. 281, p. 282.
• Fauna och flora: populr tidskrift fr biologi. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells, 1906-1967; SWE url p. 17, p. 225, p. 256, p. 293, p. 33, p. 59.
• Faune de France. [t.] 1-68. Paris, 1921-66. FRE url p. 257, p. 258, p. 294, p. 295.
• Guide to the birds of Europe and North Africa. With a biographical memoir by William Eagle Clarke. London, Gurney and Jackson, 1923. ENG url p. 213.
• Hand-list of genera and species of birds, distinguishing those contained in the British Museum / by G.R. Gray 1870 ENG url p. 138.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. ENG url p. 37, p. 649, p. 704.
• Jagdtierkunde; naturgeschichte der in Deutschland heimischen wildarten, von dr. Ernst Sch... Berlin, P.Parey, 1907. GER url p. 13.
• Katalog der Collection von Erlanger in Nieder-Ingelheim a. Rh. Berlin, R. Friedlander und Sohn, 1908. GER url p. 524.
• Katalog der Eiersammlung, nebst Beschreibungeh der aussereuropchen Eier. Berlin, R. Friedler & Sohn, 1910. GER url p. 83.
• Le Gerfaut = De Giervalk. Bruxelles, Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique. DUT url p. 92.
• Life histories of North American wild fowl: order Anseres (part) / by Arthur Cleveland Bent. Washington: G.P.O., 1923. ENG url p. 278.
• MagyarorszMadarai; a hazai madilmegismernek vezonala. 170 eredeti szrajzzal 9 mumellettel, irta Dr. Madar Gyula. Anhang: Die V ungarns; Auszug in deutscher Sprache. Budapest, 1899-1903. HUN url p. 307, p. 581.
• Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsingfors[Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica] SWE url p. 143, p. 166, p. 95.
• Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. ENG url p. 754.
• Norsk ornithologisk tidsskrift. Stavanger. NOR url p. 140, p. 214, p. 70.
• Nos oiseaux. [Neuchatel]Soci romande pour l'de et la protection des oiseaux. FRE url p. 260, p. 31, p. 97.
• Novitates Zoologicae. London. url p. 105, p. 142, p. 209, p. 321, p. 334.
• Ornithologische Monatsberichte. Berlin. GER url p. 113, p. 113, p. 153, p. 20, p. 68.
• Ornithologisches Centralblatt. Leipzig. ENG url p. 144, p. 241.
• Ornithologisches Jahrbuch. Hallein: V. Tschusi, 1890-1918. GER url p. 124, p. 184, p. 193, p. 208, p. 237, p. 238, p. 250, p. 270, p. 49, p. 66.
• Principles of animal ecology, by W. C. Allee [and others] Philadelphia, Saunders Co., 1949. ENG url p. 659.
• The Avicultural magazine. [Ascot, Berkshire, etc., Avicultural Society, etc.] ENG url p. 37.
• The Scottish naturalist. Arbroath [etc.]T. Buncle & Co. [etc.] ENG url p. 130, p. 149, p. 185, p. 196, p. 212.
• The wild fowl of the United States and British possessions: or, The swan, geese, ducks, and mergansers of North America / by Daniel Giraud Elliot. New York: F.P. Harper, 1898. ENG url p. 32.
• Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern. M: E. Reinhardt, 1904-1989. GER url p. 277.
• Zoologische Jahrbücher. Jena [Germany]: G. Fischer, GER url p. 229.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 18 providers.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 2, 2007.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Avian Knowledge Network, Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network, eBird
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics, Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• European Environment Agency, EUNIS
• GBIF-Sweden, Bird Ringing Centre in Sweden
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Bay of Fundy Species List
• Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, National System of Proetcted Areas
• KDR
• , Korea Wild Birds
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• National Science Museum of Korea, National Science Museum of Korea Bird
• Upper Silesian Museum, Bytom, Upper Silesian Museum, Bird Observations

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3854303
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-174990
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13536723
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 174990
• IUCN ID: 47139
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNJB02020
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 7221

Footnotes

1. Mean = 318.740 meters (1,045.735 feet), Standard Deviation = 241.090 based on 168 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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