Cygnus olor

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 286 meters (938 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour Truly wild populations of this species are migratory (particularly where displaced by cold weather)1, 6 although European and feral populations are essentially sedentary1, 4, 5, 6 or only locally migratory or nomadic5, 6. The species breeds during the local spring1, 2 as isolated pairs in well-defended territories1. After breeding the adults may gather in large concentrations of thousands or more3, 4 on selected waters3 (non-breeders in northern Europe migrating to such gatherings6) between July and August5 to undergo a flightless moulting period lasting for 6-8 weeks2. Although not noticeably sociable in many areas during the winter4 the species may flock in groups of several thousands on favoured waters3, 4, 5. Habitat The species inhabits a variety of lowland freshwater wetlands1 such as shallow lakes2, ponds3, lagoons , marshes1, reedbeds1, 6 and slow-flowing rivers2 (showing a preference for clean, weed-filled streams over larger, polluted rivers )4. It is also common on artificial waterbodies such as reservoirs , gravel-pits, ornamental lakes1, ditches6 and canals5, and will graze on grassland and agricultural land (e.g. arable cereal fields )2. Moulting congregations of adults and non-breeders6 may also utilise brackish or saline habitats4 including brackish marshes2, estuaries and sheltered coastal sites1 (e.g. brackish lagoons2 and bays3). Diet Its diet consists predominantly of leaves and the vegetative parts of aquatic plants1, 4 and grasses1 as well as algae4 and grain1, occasionally also taking small amphibians1, 4 (frogs , toads and tadpoles )6 and aquatic invertebrates (e.g. molluscs , insects and worms)1, 4. Breeding site The nest is a large mound of aquatic vegetation1, 2 placed close to or floating on shallow water1, 2 or amongst reeds1. Breeding pairs often re-use nesting sites from previous years if the it was successful4. Management information The cyclical removal of adult fish from an artificial waterbody (gravel pit ) in the UK resulted in an increase in the growth of submerged aquatic macrophytes and in turn led to an increase in the winter use of the habitat by the species8. The removed fish (dead or alive) were sold to generate funds8. A control of the breeding output of the species (brood reduction) carried out in the Wylye Valley, UK to try to alleviate the species's negative impacts on fisheries (e.g. by overgrazing submergent riverine vegetation) was found to be ineffective as it had an insignificant impact on local population sizes (possibly due to immigration from surrounding areas)15.[2].

List of Habitats:

• 5 Wetlands (inland)
• 5.1 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )
• 5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands
• 5.5 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)
• 13 Marine Coastal/Supratidal
• 13.4 Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes
• 13.5 Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Freshwater Lakes

Biology

Diet

Almost Exclusively: Plant Matter. Lesser Quantities of: Aquatic Invertebrates

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Cygnus olor (Gmelin 1789) • Cygnus olor (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Cygnus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 11 species and subspecies in this genus:

C. atratus (Black Swan) · C. buccinator (Trumpeter Swan) · C. columbianus (Whistling Swan) · C. columbianus atlanticus (Tundra Swan) · C. columbianus bewickii (Bewick's Swan) · C. columbianus columbianus (Tundra Swan) · C. cygnus (Common Whooper) · C. cygnus buccinator (Trumpeter Swan) · C. melancoryphus (Black-Necked Swan) · C. melanocorypha (Black-Necked Swan) · C. olor (Domestic Swan)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A geographical bibliography of British ornithology from the earliest time to the end of 1918, arranged under counties, being a record of printed books, published articles, notes and records relating to local avifauna, by W. H. Mullens, H. Kirke Swann, F. C. R. Jourdain. London, Witherby, 1920. url p. 492, p. 492.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. Cygnus olor. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. and lt;www.iucnredlist.org and gt;. Downloaded on 21 October 2006.
• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Cygnus olor. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 20, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 12, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 37 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 12, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen: Biologiezentrum Linz
• Bird Studies Canada: BC Coastal Waterbird Survey
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem: GEO Biodiversity Day
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• European Environment Agency: EUNIS
• Finnish Museum of Natural History: Hatikka Observation Data Gateway
• GBIF-Sweden: Bird Ringing Centre in Sweden (NRM)
• GBIF-Sweden: Birds (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Bay of Fundy Species List (OBIS Canada)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Taxonomic Information Sytem for the Belgian coastal area
• Institute of Nature Conservation PAS: National System of Proetcted Areas
• Israel Nature and Parks Authority
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• National Science Museum of Korea: National Science Museum of Korea Bird
• Royal Ontario Museum: Bird specimens
• Senckenberg: Collection Aves (bird skins)
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility: Priest Pot species list, Cumbria, Britain
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Argyll Bird Club - Bird records for Argyll for the years 2002 and 2003
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Herts Bird Club - Hertfordshire Breeding Bird Atlas : 1988-1992
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
• University of Gdansk, Bird Migration Research Station: Ringing Data from the Bird Migration Research Station, University of Gdańsk
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens
• Upper Silesian Museum, Bytom: Upper Silesian Museum, Bird Observations

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 11626
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-174985
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3085810
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 174985
• IUCN ID: 203865
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNJB02040
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 153049

Footnotes

1. Standard Deviation = 606.820 based on 20,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2009. Cygnus olor. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.