Corvus monedula

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Ecology:
List of Habitats :1.4Forest - Temperate 4.4Grassland - Temperate

Biology

Migration

Northern birds migrate

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

Similar Species

Members of the genus Corvus

There are approximately 194 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

C. adsimilis · C. afer · C. affinis · C. alba · C. albicollis (African White-Necked Raven) · C. albus (Pied Crow) · C. americana · C. azureus · C. bacmeisteri · C. benetti · C. bennetti (Little Crow) · C. boreus (Relict Raven) · C. brachyrhynchos (American Crow) · C. brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos (Southern Crow) · C. brachyrhynchos caurinus · C. brachyrhynchos hesperis · C. brachyrhynchos pascuus · C. brachyrhynchos paulus (American Crow) · C. brachyrhynchus · C. brachyrynchos · C. c. corax · C. caledonicus · C. capellanus · C. capensis (Black Crow) · C. capensis capensis · C. capensis kordofanensis · C. caurinus (Northwestern Crow) · C. corax (Southwestern Raven) · C. corax canariensis · C. corax clarionensis (Common Raven) · C. corax corax (Southwestern Raven) · C. corax dardaniensis · C. corax hispanus · C. corax islandicus · C. corax jordansi · C. corax kamtschaticus · C. corax kretae · C. corax laurencei · C. corax laurenci (Common Raven) · C. corax principalis (Common Raven) · C. corax sinuatus (Common Raven) · C. corax ssp · C. corax subcorax · C. corax tibetanus · C. corax tingitanus · C. corax varius · C. cornix · C. cornix cornix · C. cornix kaukasicus · C. cornix pallescens · C. cornix sardonius · C. cornix sharpii · C. cornix syriacus · C. corone · C. corone; cornix (Hooded Crow) · C. corone capellanus · C. corone cornix (Hooded Crow) · C. corone corone · C. corone coronix · C. corone interpositus · C. corone orientalis · C. corone pallescens · C. corone sardonius · C. corone sharpii · C. corone ssp · C. corone x · C. coronoides (Australian Raven) · C. coronoides coronoides (Australian Raven) · C. coronoides inoptatus · C. coronoides perplexus · C. crassirostris (Thick-Billed Raven) · C. cryptoleucus (White-Necked Raven) · C. culminatus · C. dauuricus (Daurian Jackdaw) · C. difficilis · C. edithae · C. enca (Slender-Billed Crow) · C. enca celebensis · C. enca compilator · C. enca enca · C. enca pusillus · C. enca samarensis · C. enca sierramadrensis · C. enca violaceus · C. f. hilgerti · C. florensis (Flores Crow) · C. frugilegus (Rook) · C. frugilegus frugilegus (Rook) · C. frugilegus pastinator · C. frugileus · C. fuscicapillus (Brown-Headed Crow) · C. fuscicapillus megarhynchus · C. hassi · C. hawaiiensis (Hawaiian Crow) · C. hungaricus · C. iliceti · C. imparatus (Tamaulipas Crow) · C. impluviatus · C. infumatus · C. insolens

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• , 274 p.port.22 cm. ENG url p. 68.
• A bibliography of birds: with special reference to anatomy, behavior, biochemistry --. by Reuben Myron Strong Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1946 UND url p. 242, p. 45, p. 494, p. 53.
• A century of progress in the natural sciences, 1853-1953. San Francisco, 1955. ENG url p. 642.
• A dictionary of birds, by Alfred Newton, assisted by Hans Gadow, with contributions from Richard Lydekker Charles S. Roy and Robert W. Shufeldt London, A. and C. Black, 1893-1896. ENG url p. 466, p. 87.
• A geographical bibliography of British ornithology from the earliest time to the end of 1918, arranged under counties, being a record of printed books, published articles, notes and records relating to local avifauna, by W. H. Mullens, H. Kirke Swann, F. London, Witherby, 1920. ENG url p. 94.
• A hand-book to the birds of Great Britain. By R. Bowdler Sharpe London, E. Lloyd, Limited, 1896-1897. ENG url p. 10.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. ENG url p. 3.
• A handbook of British birds, showing the distribution of the resident and migratory species in the British islands, with an index to the records of the rarer visitants, by J.E. Harting London, J.C. Nimmo, 1901. ENG url p. 501.
• A history of British birds / by William Yarrell, V.P.L.S., F.Z.S. London: John van Voorst, 1871-1885. ENG url p. 305.
• A history of British birds, indigenous and migratory: including their organization, habits, and relations; remarks on classification and nomenclature; an account of the principal organs of birds, and observations relative to practical ornithology By W London, Printed for Scott, Webster, and Geary, 1837-1852 ENG url p. 552, p. 554, p. 556, p. 558, p. 756.
• Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen. Bremen: Im Selbstverlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins, 1866- GER url p. 548.
• Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki, Societas. ENG url p. 31, p. 35, p. 36, p. 39, p. 66, p. 82, p. 98, p. 99.
• Allerlei sprechendes gefiedertes Volk: raben- oder krnartige V [mit Einschluss der Pfeifkrn oder Flv und der Laubenv], Pastorvogel, Starv, Drosseln, Kanarienvogel und Gimpel oder Dompfaff: ein Hand- und Lehrbuch / von Karl Russ. Magdeburg: Creutzsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1889. GER url p. 46.
• Alsop, Fred J. III. Birds of North America - Eastern Region. First American Edition. Smithsonian Handbooks. DK Publishing, Inc. 2001.
• Anales de la Sociedad Espa�ola de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, ENG url p. 198, p. 58.
• Anatomische Hefte, M�nchen [etc.]J.F. Bergmann. GER url p. 375.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 174.
• Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova. Genova: Tip. del R. Istituto Sordo-Muti, 1870-1914. ITA url p. 188, p. 312.
• Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 11, p. 114, p. 129, p. 353.
• Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh, D. Douglas. ENG url p. 114, p. 160, p. 75, p. 81.
• Annals of natural history. London, R. and J.E. Taylor, ENG url p. 353.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 108, p. 122, p. 93, p. 95.
• Aquila. Budapest: A Magyar Ornithologiai Knt Kiadva, 1894- HUN url p. 166, p. 203, p. 204, p. 218, p. 277.
• Archiv f�r die naturwissenschaftliche Landesdurchforschung von B�hmen / herausgegeben von den Beiden Comit�s f�r die Landesdurchforschung. Prag: Commissions-Verlag von F. �ivn�, 1869-1915. GER url p. 137, p. 143.
• Archiv f�r Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 188, p. 287, p. 294, p. 301, p. 302, p. 303, p. 39, p. 56, p. 67, p. 68.
• Ardea. [Amsterdam, etc., Nederlandse Ornithlogische Unie, etc.] ENG url p. 38.
• Arkiv f�r zoologi / utgivet af K. Svenska vetenskaps-akademien. Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & soner, 1903-1974. SWE url p. 271.
• Asteroid notes. Northfield, Minn, Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College, 1934-1950. ENG url p. 472, p. 474.
• Atlante ornitologico: uccelli europei: con notizie d'indole generale e particolare / del dr. E. Arrigoni Degli Oddi. Milano: U. Hoepli, 1902. ITA url p. 313, p. 32, p. 554.
• Atti della Societtaliana di scienze naturali. Milano: 1860-1895. ITA url p. 562.
• Aves Hungari enumeratio systematica avium Hungarium notis brevibus biologicis, locis inventionis virorumque a quibus oriuntur / e mandato Commissionis Hungaricae Secundi Ornithologorum Universalis Congressus conscripsit Joannes Frivaldszky. Budapestini: Typis Societatis Frankli1891. LAT url p. 30.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner 1987. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C., USA. 79.
• Beitr zur Vogelfauna der Mark Brandenburg. Materialen zu einer Ornithologie der norddeutschen Tiefebene auf Grund eigener Beobachtungen und darauf gegrr Studien. Berlin, Deutsche ornithologische Gesellschaft, 1919. GER url p. 539, p. 562.
• Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Vogelwelt Islands, von Bernhard Hantzsch. Mit 26 Abbildungen und I Karte. Berlin, R. Friedler & Sohn, 1905. GER url p. 338.
• Bird-hunting through wild Europe / by R.B. Lodge. London [England]: Robert Culley, [1908] ENG url p. 324.
• Bird-lore. New York, National Association of Audubon Societies. ENG url p. 77.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Birds of Britain, by J. Lewis Bonhote with 100 illustrations in colour selected by H.E. Dresser from his `Birds of Europe.' London, A. and C. Black, 1907. ENG url p. 160.
• Birds of Great Britain and Ireland. by Arthur G. Butler; illustrated by H. Grld and F.W. Frohawk. Hull; Brumby & Clarke, [1907?-1908?]. ENG url p. 213.
• Birds of the plains, by Douglas Dewar with sixteen illustrations from photographs of living birds, by Captain F. D. S. Fayrer, I. M. S. London, J. Lane;1909 [1908] ENG url p. 241.
• Blood immunity and blood relationship; a demonstration of certain blood-relationships amongst animals by means of the precipitin test for blood, by George H. F. Nuttall...Including original researches by G. S. Graham-Smith...and T. S. P. Strangeways. Cambridge, University press, 1904. ENG url p. 294.
• Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciias Naturais. Lisboa, Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciias Naturais, 1908- ENG url p. 128.
• Britain's birds and their nests / described by A. Landsborough Thomson; with introduction by J. Arthur Thomson, illustrated by George Rankin. London: W. & R. Chambers, 1910. ENG url p. 238.
• British birds, by W. H. Hudson, C.M.Z.S. With a chapter on structure and classification by Frank E. Beddard, F.R.S. With 8 coloured plates from original drawings by A. Thorburn and 8 plates and 100 figures in black London, Longmans, Green, and co., 1921. ENG url p. 163.
• British birds. London, Witherby & Co. ENG url p. 241.
• British nesting birds: a complete record of every species which nests in the British Isles / by W. Percival Westell. London: J.M. Dent, 1910. ENG url p. 60.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 256, p. 261, p. 262, p. 293, p. 34, p. 403.
• Bulletin / Peabody Museum of Natural History. New Haven: The Museum, ENG url p. 51.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel. url p. 416.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� des sciences naturelles de l'Ouest de la France. Nantes, Soci�t� des sciences naturelles de l'Ouest de la France [etc.] FRE url p. 30.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� vaudoise des sciences naturelles. Lausanne. url p. 53.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� zoologique de France. Paris: La Soci�t�, FRE url p. 183, p. 31, p. 78, p. 83, p. 91.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) ENG url p. 242.
• Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. [England]: The Club, ENG url p. 179.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 619.
• Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Andover: Intercept. ENG url p. 166, p. 181, p. 197, p. 202, p. 218, p. 238.
• Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe: pour servir de complnt et de supplnt a l'ornithologie Europne de Degland et Gerbe (1867) / par E.L. Trouessart. Paris: P. Klincksieck, L. Lhomme, 1912. FRE url p. 74.
• Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British Museum / by G.R. Gray. London, 1863. ENG url p. 7.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 892.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. ENG url p. 25, p. 26, p. 27, p. 28, p. 29.
• Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum / By E. W. Oates [and afterwards] by S. G. Reid [and] W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. London, 1901-12. ENG url p. 472, p. 474.
• Catalogue of the specimens illustrating the osteology of vertebrated animals, recent and extinct, contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. London, 1891. ENG url p. 9.
• Check-list and bibliography on the occurrence of insects in birds' nests. Ames, Iowa State College Press[1959] ENG url p. 108, p. 147, p. 180, p. 224, p. 239, p. 252, p. 257, p. 261, p. 269, p. 270, p. 273, p. 274, p. 276, p. 299, p. 300, p. 313, p. 314, p. 317, p. 425, p. 427, p. 428, p. 43, p. 54, p. 62, p. 81, p. 82, p. 89.
• Coloured figures of the eggs of British birds: with descriptive notices / by Henry Seebohm; edited (after the author's death) by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Sheffield: Pawson and Brailsford, 1896. ENG url p. 226.
• Compendio della Fauna Italiana. Descrizione elementare Degli Animali pite originali. Torino, Ditta G.B. Paravia e Comp., 1885. ITA url p. 44.
• Compendium der Helminthologie. Ein Verzeichniss der bekannten Helminthen, die frei oder in thierischen K�rpern leben, geordnet nach ihren Wohnthieren, unter Angabe der Organe, in denen sie gefunden sind, und mit Beif�gung der Litte von O. von Linstow. Hannover: Hahn'sche Buchhandlung, 1878. GER url p. 101, p. 38.
• Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s�ances de l'Acad�mie des sciences. Paris: publi�s avec le concours du Centre national de la recherche scientifique par MM. les secr�taires perp�tuels: -1965. FRE url p. 1058.
• Dansk ornithologisk forenings tidsskrift. [Kavn]: Den Forening, [1907- DAN url p. 136, p. 138, p. 144, p. 16, p. 179, p. 216, p. 267, p. 42.
• Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Wien: Aus der Kaiserlich-K�niglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1850-1918. GER url p. 252, p. 608, p. 609, p. 620, p. 623.
• Der Ornithologische Beobachter. [Bern?, Ala, Schweizerische Gesellschaft felkunde und Vogelschutz] GER url p. 136, p. 25.
• Des hybrides � l'�tat sauvage. R�gne animal. 1. volume. (Classe des oiseaux) par Andr� Suchetet Lille, Impr. Le Bigot fr�res, 1896. FRE url p. 408, p. 409.
• Die Vogelwarte Helgoland / von Heinrich Ge; herausgegeben von Rudolf Blasius. Braunschweig: Joh. Heinr. Meyer, 1900. GER url p. 219.
• Die Wanderungen der V, mit Rht auf die Zr Stiere, Fische und Insecten, von E.F. von Homeyer. Leipzig, T. Grieben, 1881. GER url p. 158, p. 252.
• Die baukunst der vogel. Leipzig: Baumgartners, buchhandlung, 1833. GER url p. 54.
• Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Leipzig: C.F. Winter, 1880- GER url p. 1033.
• Egyptian birds for the most part seen in the Nile Valley, by Charles Whymper. London, A. and C. Black, 1909. ENG url p. 211.
• Elementary text-book of zoology / Tr. and ed. by Adam Sedgwick, with the assistance of F.G. Heathcote. New York: Macmillan, 1884. ENG url p. 266.
• Falco. Halle. GER url p. 23.
• Fauna and flora of Haileybury. Hartford, Stephen Austin, 1902. ENG url p. 10.
• Fauna och flora: populr tidskrift fr biologi. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells, 1906-1967; SWE url p. 250, p. 48.
• Fauna, flora & geology of the Clyde area, ed. by G.F. Scott Elliot, Malcolm Laurie and J. Barclay Murdoch. Glasgow, Pub. by the local committee for the meeting of the British Association, 1901. ENG url p. 162.
• Faune des vertde la Belgique, par Alphonse Dubois Se des oiseaux Bruxelles, C. Muquardt, 1887-1894. FRE url p. 230.
• Faune du Pays de Luxembourg ou Manuel de Zoologie contenant la cescription des Animaux vert Luxembourg, V. Buck, 1865. FRE url p. 306.
• Fleas, flukes & cuckoos; a study of bird parasites, by Miriam Rothschild and Theresa Clay. New York, Macmillan, 1957. ENG url p. 290, p. 303.
• Glimpses of Indian birds, by Douglas Dewar. London, John Lane;1913. ENG url p. 166, p. 231.
• Grundz�ge der Zoologie. Zum wissenschaftlichen Gebrauche. Marburg, Elwert, 1880. GER url p. 377.
• Hampstead Hill: its structure, materials and sculpturing / by J. Logan Lobley; with The flora of Hampstead, by Henry T. Wharton; The insect fauna of Hampstead, by F. A. Walker; and The birds of Hampstead, by J. Edmund Haring. London: Roper and Drowley, 1889. ENG url p. 91.
• Handbuch der zoologie: Nach der zweiten holl�ndischen ausgabe. Leipzig: L. Voss, 1850-56. GER url p. 501.
• Handw�rterbuch der Zoologie. Unter Mitwirkung von Prof. Dr. von Dalla Torre, bearb. von Dr. Friedrich Knauer. Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1887. GER url p. 217.
• Heligoland as an ornithological observatory; the result of fifty years' experience, by Heinrich Ge. Tr. by Rudolph Rosenstock. Edinburgh, D. Douglas, 1895. ENG url p. 207.
• Himalayan and Kashmiri birds, being a key to the birds commonly seen in summer in the Himalayas & Kashmir, by Douglas Dewar; a companion to the bird volumes of the Fauna of British India. London, John Lane[1923] ENG url p. 94.
• Histoire naturelle des helminthes ou vers intestinaux / par F�lix Dujardin. Paris: Librairie Encyclop�dique de Roret, 1845. FRE url p. 515, p. 9.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. ENG url p. 108, p. 134, p. 135, p. 136, p. 181, p. 192, p. 20, p. 221, p. 230, p. 246, p. 246, p. 275, p. 3, p. 3, p. 364, p. 377, p. 38, p. 404, p. 421, p. 478, p. 49, p. 505, p. 575, p. 637, p. 64, p. 65, p. 74.
• Insects abroad. Being a popular account of foreign insects, their structure, habits, and transformations. By Rev. J.G. Wood. Illustrated with six hundred figures, by E.A. Smith and J.B Zwecker, engraved by G. Pearson. London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1874. ENG url p. 472.
• Jagdtierkunde; naturgeschichte der in Deutschland heimischen wildarten, von dr. Ernst Sch... Berlin, P.Parey, 1907. GER url p. 295.
• Jahrb�cher des Nassauischen Vereins f�r Naturkunde. Wiesbaden: J.F. Bergmann, GER url p. 107, p. 175.
• Jahresbericht �ber die Neuerungen und Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin: P. Parey, 1903-1905. GER url p. 299.
• Jahreshefte des Vereins f�r vaterl��ndische Naturkunde in W�rttemberg. Stuttgart. GER url p. 6, p. 6.
• Jenaische Zeitschrift f�r Naturwissenschaft. Jena, Gustav Fischer [etc.]. ENG url p. 63.
• Jottings about birds / by Charles Dixon. London: Chapman and Hall, 1893. ENG url p. 202.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller l�nder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 582.
• Kritische Bl�tter f�r Forst- und Jagdwissenschaft. Berlin: In der Nicolaischen Buchh., 1822-1870. GER url p. 264.
• La Feuille des jeunes naturalistes. Paris: A. Dollfus, 1870-1914. FRE url p. 101, p. 127, p. 144, p. 35.
• La migration des oiseaux, par A. de Brevans. Ouvrage illustr� de 89 vignettes sur bois, par Riou et A. Mesnel et accompagn� d'une carte. Paris, Hachette et cie, 1878. FRE url p. 258.
• Le Naturaliste. Paris: Bureaux aris, 1879-1910. FRE url p. 55.
• Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Histologie der Tiere. Jena, Fischer, 1902. GER url p. 852, p. 853.
• Lehrbuch der zoologie, von Dr. C. Claus. Marburg, N. G. Elwert, 1891. GER url p. 868.
• List of the specimens of the British animals in the collection of the British museum. London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1845-55. ENG url p. 23, p. 46.
• MagyarorszMadarai; a hazai madilmegismernek vezonala. 170 eredeti szrajzzal 9 mumellettel, irta Dr. Madar Gyula. Anhang: Die V ungarns; Auszug in deutscher Sprache. Budapest, 1899-1903. HUN url p. 8.
• Manual of the birds of Iceland / by Henry H. Slater. Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1901. ENG url p. 21.
• Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsingfors[Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica] SWE url p. 109, p. 117, p. 120, p. 125, p. 131, p. 132, p. 136, p. 137, p. 143, p. 144, p. 145, p. 146, p. 151, p. 243, p. 244, p. 261, p. 303, p. 31, p. 54, p. 61, p. 63, p. 7, p. 8, p. 92, p. 93, p. 97.
• Memoires de la Soci�t� (Royale) des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts � Lille. Lille: Soci�t� (Royale) des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts � Lille FRE url p. 190.
• Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, F�sicas y Naturales de Madrid. url p. 524.
• Mires de la Soci impale des naturalistes de Moscou. Moscou: Impr. de l'Universitmpale, 1811-1823. FRE url p. 4.
• Mittheilungen des Ornithologischen Vereines in Wien. Wien, 1877-1895. GER url p. 125, p. 149, p. 453, p. 622.
• M�moires de l'Acad�mie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique. Bruxelles, l'Acad�mie. FRE url p. 38, p. 45.
• M�moires de l'Acad�mie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique. url p. 160, p. 161, p. 163, p. 51, p. 59, p. 63, p. 64, p. 81, p. 9.
• M�moires de la Soci�t� de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Gen�ve. url p. 53, p. 88.
• Natur und Museum. Frankfurt am Main. MUL url p. 83.
• Naturalist (Maund, Hall & Wood.) London. url p. 421.
• Naturalist (Morris) London. url p. 113, p. 159, p. 163, p. 170, p. 227, p. 230, p. 246, p. 284, p. 51, p. 67.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 280.
• Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Bataafsche Hollandsche Maatschappye der Wetenschappen te Haarlem. url p. 192.
• Naumannia: Archiv f�r die Ornithologie Vorzugsweise Europa's: Organ der Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft. Stuttgart. url p. 103, p. 121, p. 141, p. 141, p. 144, p. 26, p. 304, p. 32, p. 346, p. 35, p. 377, p. 377, p. 395, p. 401, p. 448, p. 54, p. 55, p. 7, p. 71, p. 77, p. 85.
• Notes on the birds of Herefordshire, contributed by members of the Woolhope Club. Collected and arranged by the late Henry Graves Bull.
• Notes on the birds of Kent / by R.J. Balston, C.W. Shepherd, and E. Bartlett. London: R.H. Porter, 1907. ENG url p. 216.
• Novitates Zoologicae. London. url p. 110, p. 57, p. 58, p. 59, p. 60, p. 61, p. 63, p. 75, p. 76.
• Nuovi annali delle scienze naturali. Bologna. url p. 429.
• Oologia neerlandica: eggs of birds breeding in the Netherlands / by A.A. van Pelt Lechner. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1910-1913 [i.e. 1911-1913]. ENG url p. 36, p. 7.
• Orn. Monatsber.
• Ornis. Vienna, [1885-1907]. GER url p. 337.
• Ornithologische Monatsberichte. Berlin. GER url p. 84, p. 88.
• Ornithologische Monatsschrift. Magdeburg [etc.], Kommissions-Verlag der Creutschen Verlagsbuchhandlung. GER url p. 124.
• Ornithologisches Centralblatt. Leipzig. ENG url p. 29.
• Ornithologisches Jahrbuch. Hallein: V. Tschusi, 1890-1918. GER url p. 162, p. 199, p. 34, p. 71, p. 91.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 290.
• Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Glasgow. Glasgow, Natural History Society of Glasgow. ENG url p. 139, p. 163, p. 296, p. 67, p. 98.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 457, p. 572.
• Revue suisse de zoologie. Gen�ve, Kundig [etc.] FRE url p. 246, p. 295, p. 297.
• Rhea. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1846-1849. GER url p. 113, p. 40, p. 45.
• Science progress in the twentieth century: a quarterly journal of scientific work & thought. London: John Murray, 1906-1916. ENG url p. 270.
• Sex and internal secretions. Contributors: A. Albert [and others] Foreword by George W. Corner. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1961. ENG url p. 1359, p. 1531.
• South Devon Monthly Museum. Plymouth. url p. 163.
• System of ophthalmology. St. Louis, Mosby, 1958- ENG url p. 794.
• The Analyst: monthly journal of science, literature, and the fine arts. London. url p. 204, p. 32.
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. ENG url p. 12, p. 134, p. 139, p. 141, p. 143, p. 155, p. 156, p. 160, p. 196, p. 205, p. 208, p. 210, p. 226, p. 70, p. 73, p. 75, p. 79, p. 81, p. 82.
• The Avicultural magazine. [Ascot, Berkshire, etc., Avicultural Society, etc.] ENG url p. 59.
• The Entomological magazine. [London: Frederick Westley and A.H. Davis, 1833-1838] ENG url p. 270.
• The Entomologist's monthly magazine. Oxford [etc.]Entomologist's Monthly Magazine Ltd. [etc.] ENG url p. 162.
• The Field naturalist: a review of animals, plants, minerals, the structure of the earth, and appearances of the sky / edited by James Rennie. London: Orr and Smith, 1835. ENG url p. 49.
• The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason & Son, Ltd., 1892- ENG url p. 232, p. 52.
• The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, ENG url p. 46, p. 634, p. 668.
• The Scottish naturalist. Arbroath [etc.]T. Buncle & Co. [etc.] ENG url p. 170, p. 286.
• The birds of Norfolk: with remarks on their habits, migration, and local distribution / by Henry Stevenson. London: J. Van Voorst, 1866-1890. ENG url p. 277.
• The birds of Yorkshire: being a historical account of the avi-fauna of the County / by T.H. Nelson; with the co-operation of W. Eagle Clarke and F. Boyes. London: A. Brown, 1907. ENG url p. 232.
• The birds of our country. London, Digby, Long & Co., 1898. ENG url p. 393, p. 86.
• The birds of the British Isles and their eggs. by T.A. Coward; with 242 accurately coloured illustrations by Archibald Thorburn and others, reproduced from Lord Lilford's work Coloured figures of the birds of the British Islands, and 65 photograp London; F. Warne, 1919. ENG url p. 28.
• The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. By E. C. Stuart Baker. London, Taylor & Francis;1922-30. ENG url p. 36.
• The naturalist's library; containing scientific and popular descriptions of man, quadrupeds, birds, fishes, reptiles and insects; comp. from the works of Cuvier, Griffith, Richardson and other writers on natural history. Arranged according to the clas Boston, Phillips, Sampson, and company, 1850. ENG url p. 477.
• The nests and eggs of British birds: when and where to find them: being a handbook to the oology of the British Islands / by Charles Dixon. London: Chapman and Hall, 1894. ENG url p. 10.
• The nests and eggs of Indian birds / Allan O. Hume. London: R. H. Porter, 1889-1890. ENG url p. 12, p. 369.
• Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging. Leiden, Brill. DUT url p. 100, p. 146.
• Transactions / Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club. Watford [etc.]: The Club, 1879- ENG url p. 153, p. 53.
• Transactions of the Essex Field Club. Buckhurst Hill, Essex, The Club. ENG url p. 24.
• Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. London, Printed for the Society by W. Lewis at the Cambridge University Press [etc.] ENG url p. 68.
• Transactions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow. Glasgow, The Society. ENG url p. 177.
• Travels and traditions of waterfowl. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press[1955] ENG url p. 288.
• Travels of a naturalist in northern Europe, Norway, 1871, Archangel, 1872, Petchora, 1875, by J. A. Harvie-Brown with coloured plates and other illustrations and 4 maps London, T. F. Unwin, 1905. ENG url p. 190, p. 204, p. 209.
• Troms museums aarsberetning for Troms: [Troms museum], 1881- NOR url p. 17.
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas. ENG url p. 367, p. 456.
• Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern. M: E. Reinhardt, 1904-1989. GER url p. 186, p. 374.
• Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske forening i Kj�benhavn. Kj�benhavn: Selskabets Bestyrelse, [1849]-1912. DAN url p. 103, p. 107, p. 169, p. 344, p. 77.
• Wild birds and their haunts (a book for students and sportsmen) by W. Halliday with a foreword by Gene Stratton-Porter, and an introduction by W. Percival Westell, F.L.S. London, Heath, Cranton limited[1922] ENG url p. 96.
• Zeitschrift f�r wissenschaftliche Zoologie. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, 1849- GER url p. 535, p. 541.
• Zentralblatt f�r Zoologie, allgemeine und experimentelle Biologie. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, [1912-1918] GER url p. 205.
• Zoologische Jahrb�cher. Jena [Germany]: G. Fischer, GER url p. 10, p. 25, p. 40, p. 43, p. 44, p. 703.
• Zoologischer Anzeiger. Jena, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. GER url p. 132, p. 266, p. 286, p. 301, p. 336, p. 352, p. 366, p. 432, p. 437, p. 439, p. 474, p. 492, p. 496, p. 610, p. 712.
• Zoologischer Jahresbericht. Berlin, R. Friedlander. GER url p. 170, p. 317.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 06, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 22 providers.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 06, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Herts Bird Club - Hertfordshire Breeding Bird Atlas : 1988-1992
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3847162
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179746
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14383669
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179746
• IUCN ID: 51147
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 138155

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.