Corvus brachyrhynchos

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

The Common Crow is an opportunist that has been able to occupy a number of habitats , including coastal areas, towns, fields , and the edge of forests . The Common Crow is found throughout North America except in deserts, deep thickets, and on mountain tops. Its most common habitats are woodlands, farms , fields, river groves, shores and towns.

Vegetation: arid lowland scrubs, pastures and agricultural lands, gallery forests, tropical lowland evergreen forest, second-growth forests and woodlands • Foraging Strata: Canopy • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.6     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland   
  
•     3     Shrubland   
  
•     3.3     Shrubland - Boreal   
  
•     3.4     Shrubland - Temperate   
  
•     3.5     Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.4     Grassland - Temperate   
  
•     4.5     Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.2     Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland   
  
•     14.6     Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

The crow is omnivorus. Its diet includes wild fruit, snail, salamanders, grain, small birds, mice, eggs , toads, corn, large quantites of insects and carrion . Around coastal areas, crows display behavior similar to that of gulls, taking clams and mussels and dropping them from heights to crack open the shells . They then swoop down to ingest the soft contents. Adult crows eat their weight in food every day, dividing the feedings between eight to ten full meals .

Reproduction

Courtship of the common crow takes place on the ground or in trees . It begins when the male faces the female and fluffs its body feathers . Then he partially spreads his wings and tail and proceeds to bow repeatedly while uttering a brief rattling song. Once a male and female have mated, they perch together and may touch bills and preen each other's feathers.

Common crows also demonstrate cooperative breeding. A breeding pair may have a helper or helpers who aide them in all aspects of nesting. The helpers and the mated pair participate in the parental duties of caring for the offspring.

Both males and females help in the construction of nests , which are frequently placed in heights up to 75 feet; a common location is the tops of trees. If trees are not available, they will build a nest on the ground. The nest is typically twelve inches in diameter and is made of twigs , grasses, and tree bark. Three to seven eggs are laid by the female. The eggs are dull blue-green to grey-green blotched with grey and brown markings. Both parents sit on the eggs for an incubation period of eighteen days. The young are born blind and flesh colored . After about five days, their eyes open for the first time. At five weeks of age the fledglings are ready to make their first flight.

• Nest Location: Mid-story/canopy nesting
• Clutch Size: 3-8
• Length of Incubation : 18 days
• Days to Fledge : 28-35
• Number of Broods: 1, 2 in south

Migration

The common crow is a very intelligent, adaptable, and opportunistic . Recent studies by ornithologists show that crows and ravens are among the most intelligent birds, along with other members of the Corvidae. Crows gather in groups from two to eight birds in the summer, while during the winter they gather from many miles in great nocturnal roosts of up to thousands of birds. During the day they fly up to fifty miles away from these roosts in search of food. During feeding, one of two crows can be seen on high perched places serving as a lookout for the rest of the flock. These sentinels watch for signs of danger and warn the rest of the flock. This behavior allows the rest of the flock to forage more efficiently.

The crow's call has varations that allow it to express warning, threats , taunting, and cheer.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm, 1822

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 24-Jun-1996

Similar Species

The Common Raven tends to be larger (20-27 inches) than the Common Crow. The Crow's call is a "caw-caw" or "caa-caa" sound, while the Raven's call is a varied, deep, guttural croaking, "wonk-wonk". Crows have fan-shaped tails; Ravens have wedged-shaped tails. Crows have a steady flapping flight; Ravens may soar.

The Fish Crow tends to be smaller than the Common Crow(17 inches), with a call that sounds like a nasal "kwak" or a nasal two noted "ah-ah."

Members of the genus Corvus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 65 species and subspecies in this genus:

C. albicollis (White-Naped Raven) · C. albus (Pied Crow) · C. bennetti (Little Crow) · C. boreus (Relict Raven) · C. brachyrhynchos (Southern Crow) · C. brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos (American Crow) · C. brachyrhynchos paulus (American Crow) · C. capensis (Black Crow) · C. caurinus (North-Western Crow) · C. corax (Southwestern Raven) · C. corax clarionensis (Common Raven) · C. corax corax (Common Raven) · C. corax laurenci (Common Raven) · C. corax principalis (Common Raven) · C. corax sinuatus (Common Raven) · C. corone (Carrion Crow) · C. corone; cornix (Hooded Crow) · C. corone cornix (Hooded Crow) · C. coronoides (Australian Raven) · C. coronoides coronoides (Australian Raven) · C. crassirostris (Thick-Billed Raven) · C. cryptoleucus (White Nacked Ravan) · C. dauuricus (Daurian Jackdaw) · C. edithae (Somali Crow) · C. enca (Slender-Billed Crow) · C. florensis (Flores Crow) · C. frugilegus (Rook) · C. frugilegus frugilegus (Rook) · (Brown-Headed Crow) · C. hawaiiensis (Hawaiian Crow) · C. imparatus (Tamaulipas Crow) · C. jamaicensis (Jamaican Crow) · C. kubaryi (Guam Crow) · C. leucognaphalus (White-Necked Crow) · C. levaillantii (Jungle Crow) · C. macrorhynchos (Large-Billed Crow) · C. macrorhynchos macrorhynchos (Large-Billed Crow) · C. meeki (Bougainville Crow) · C. mellori (Little Raven) · C. minutus (Cuban Palm Crow) · C. monedula (Eurasian Jackdaw) · C. monedula monedula (Eurasian Crow) · C. monedula spermologus (Jackaw) · (New Caledonian Crow) · C. nasicus (Cuban Crow) · C. newtoni (Reunion Cuckoo-Shrike) · C. orru (Australian Crow) · C. orru orru (Australian Crow) · C. ossifragus (Fish Crow) · C. palmarum (Hispaniolan Palm Crow) · C. palmarum palmarum (Hispaniolan Palm Crow) · C. rhipidurus (Fan-Tailed Raven) · C. ruficollis (Brown-Necked Raven) · C. sinaloae (Sinaloan Crow) · C. splendens (Indian House Crow) · C. splendens splendens (Indian House Crow) · C. tasmanicus (Forest Raven) · C. tasmanicus tasmanicus (Forest Raven) · C. torquatus (Collared Crow) · C. tristis (Gray Crow) · C. tropicus (Hawaiian Crow) · C. typicus (Mauritius Cuckoo-Shrike) · C. unicolor (Banggai Crow) · C. validus (Long-Billed Crow) · C. woodfordi (Solomon Islands Crow)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Corvus brachyrhynchos. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed April 30, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 04, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Bird Collection
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Bay of Fundy Species List (OBIS Canada)
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 4014
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179732
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14375937
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179731
• IUCN ID: 202163
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPAV10010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 21

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.