Columba livia (Feral Pigeon/Rock Dove)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Found on all continents and in all large cities, the rock dove, commonly known as the domestic pigeon (Columba livia), is native to few of these places. As people moved across oceans to the New World, they took pigeons with them. Many became feral but continued to live in proximity to people. It is estimated that there are about five million pigeons in New York City alone.[1]
The bird's homing instinct was used early in ancient history by Egyptians and Greeks. News of Caesar’s victories in Gaul was sent to Rome by carrier pigeon. A Baghdad sultan is said to have set up the first pigeon mail around A.D. 1150. Pigeons were used extensively at the front in World War I. Pigeon racing has become a worldwide sport, the birds usually flying at about 50 mph.[1]

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Afrikaans:

Tuinduif

Common Names in Armenian:

[tkhakapuyt Aghavni ]

Common Names in Asturian:

Palomba

Common Names in Basque:

Colom Roquer

Common Names in Breton:

An Dube

Common Names in Bulgarian:

Skalen G"l"b

Common Names in Catalan:

Colom Roquer, Colom Salvatge

Common Names in Cornish:

Colom Carrek

Common Names in Croatian:

Divlji Golub

Common Names in Czech:

Holub Dom, Holub Skaln

Common Names in Danish:

Klippedue

Common Names in Dutch:

Postduif, Rotsduif

Common Names in Emiliano-romagnolo:

Clumbela

Common Names in English:

blue rock, carrier pigeon, common pigeon, domestic pigeon, feral pigeon, Feral Pigeon/Rock Dove, Feral Rock Pigeon, homing pigeon, pigeon, Rock Dove, Rock DoveI, Rock Pigeon, street pigeon

Common Names in Esperanto:

Kolombo

Common Names in Estonian:

Kaljutuvi

Common Names in Faroese:

Common Names in Finnish:

kalliokyyhky

Common Names in French:

pigeon biset, Pigeon biset domestique

Common Names in Friulian:

Colomp Salvadi

Common Names in Gaelic, Irish:

Calman Creige

Common Names in Galician:

Colom Roquer

Common Names in German:

Felsentaube, Felsentaube (Haustaube)

Common Names in Greek:

[aurioperistero]

Common Names in Guarani:

Pykasu

Common Names in Haitian Creole French:

Pijon

Common Names in Hindi:

Mada Pura

Common Names in Hungarian:

Parlagi Galamb

Common Names in Icelandic:

Bjargd

Common Names in Irish:

Colm Aille

Common Names in Italian:

Piccione, Piccione domestico, Piccione selvatico

Common Names in Japanese:

Dobato, Kawarabato

Common Names in Ladino:

Colomba Salvaria

Common Names in Latin:

Columba livia

Common Names in Latvian:

Klin

Common Names in Lithuanian:

Balandis

Common Names in Macedonian:

Div Gulab

Common Names in Malagasy:

Voromailala

Common Names in Malay:

Merpati

Common Names in Maltese:

Tudun Tal-Gebel

Common Names in Manx:

Calmane Creggey

Common Names in Norwegian:

Bydue

Common Names in Polish:

Golab Miejski

Common Names in Portuguese:

Pombo Da Rocha, Pombo-Dom

Common Names in Portuguese (Brazil):

Pombo-Dom

Common Names in Romanian:

Bareski-Golumbaika, Porumbel De St

Common Names in Romansh:

Columba Da Chasa

Common Names in Russian:

Sizy Golub, Голубь сизый, Сизый голубь

Common Names in Sardinian:

Agreste

Common Names in Scots:

Calman Creige

Common Names in Serbian:

Divlji Golub

Common Names in Slovak:

Holub Skaln

Common Names in Slovenian:

Domaci Golob

Common Names in Sorbian, Lower:

Ziwy Golub

Common Names in Sorbian, Upper:

Dziwi Holb

Common Names in Sotho, Southern:

Leeba-La-Sekhooa

Common Names in Spanish:

Paloma, Paloma Brav, Paloma bravia, Paloma Dom, Paloma domÃ©stica, Paloma doméstica

Common Names in Spanish (Argentine):

Paloma Dom

Common Names in Spanish (Costa Rica):

Paloma Dom

Common Names in Spanish (Dominican Republic):

Paloma Brav

Common Names in Spanish (Honduras):

Paloma De Castilla

Common Names in Spanish (Mexico):

Paloma Dom

Common Names in Spanish (Nicaragua):

Paloma Com

Common Names in Spanish (Paraguay):

Paloma Casera

Common Names in Spanish (Uruguay):

Paloma Dom

Common Names in Swahili:

Njiwa-Mjini

Common Names in Swedish:

Klippduva

Common Names in Turkmen:

Kaya G

Common Names in Ukrainian:

Sizij Golub

Common Names in Valencian:

Xixella

Common Names in Welsh:

Colomen Dd

Description

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Physical Description

Adult : Head : iridescent green, bronze, and purple Neck: iridescent green, bronze, and purple Body: Rump : white patch.

Habitat

Vegetation: arid lowland scrubs, second-growth scrub, tropical lowland evergreen forest, second-growth forests and woodlands, arid lowland scrubs, pastures and agricultural lands • Maximum Elevation: 4,500 meters • Foraging Strata: Canopy • Center of Abundance: Lower tropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; tropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 5,239 meters (0 to 17,188 feet).[2]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

6 Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs , mountain peaks)
7 Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)
7.1 Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves
14 Artificial/Terrestrial
14.1 Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land
14.2 Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland
14.6 Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest

[more info]

Biology

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Diet

Mostly seeds, with some other green plant matter and some insects.

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Animalia () - C. Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
  - Subkingdom: Bilateria () - (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983
    - Branch: Deuterostomia () - Grobben, 1908
      - Infrakingdom: Chordonia () - (Haeckel, 1874) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
        Phylum: Chordata () - Bateson, 1885 - Chordates
        Subphylum: Vertebrata () - Cuvier, 1812 - Vertebrates
        Infraphylum: Gnathostomata () - auct. - Jawed Vertebrates
        Superclass: Tetrapoda () - Goodrich, 1930
        Class: Aves () - Linnaeus, 1758
        Subclass: Avialae () - Gauthier, 1986
        Infraclass: Aves () - (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
        Cohort: Neognathae () - Pycraft, 1900
        Superorder: Psittacimorphae () - Huxley, 1867
        Order: Columbiformes () - Latham, 1790
        Suborder: Columbae () - Latham, 1790
        Family: Columbidae () - Illiger, 1811
        Subfamily: Columbinae ()
        Genus: Columba () - C. Linnaeus, 1758
        Specific name: livia - Gmelin 1789
        Scientific name: - Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 Gmelin 1789

Synonyms

Columba (Columba) livia Gmelin 1789 • Columba livia J. F. Gmelin, 1789

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Columba

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 90 species and subspecies in this genus:

More Info

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Guide to the Gallery of Birds in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). London: Printed by order of the Trustees [by Taylor and Francis], 1905. url p. 166.
Guide to the birds of the Caucasus. Tiflis, 1907. url p. 84, p. 85.
Guide to the gallery of birds in the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History) LondonPrinted by order of the Trustees[1921] url p. 30.
Handbook of nature-study for teachers and parents, based on the Cornell nature-study leaflets, with much additional material and many new illustrations, by Anna Botsford Comstock. Ithaca, N.Y., Comstock Publishing Company, 1916 [c1911] url p. 48.
Handbook of protozoology, by Richard Roksabro Kudo...with one hundred and seventy-five illustrations. Springfield, Ill., C.C. Thomas, 1931. url p. 426.
Harmsworth's Universal encyclopedia, written by the leading authorities in every branch of knowledge and edited by J.A. Hammerton. London, Educational Bk. Co.[n.d.] url p. 3030.
Heredity / by J. Arthur Thomson. London: J. Murray, 1912. url p. 121, p. 139.
Heredity and eugenics, by R. Ruggles Gates. New York, Macmillan, 1923. url p. 275, p. 50.
Heredity in relation to evolution and animal breeding, by William E. Castle. .. New York, D. Appleton and company, 1911. url p. 62, p. 62.
Heredity, by J. Arthur Thomson. London, J. Murray, 1920. url p. 121, p. 139.
Heredity. LondonJ. Murray1912 url p. 121, p. 139.
Heterosis: a record of researches directed toward explaining and utilizing the vigor of hybrids / edited by John W. Gowen. Ames: Iowa State College Press, 1952. url p. 246.
Illinois River Bluffs area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, [and the] State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1998- url p. 75.
Indian birds; being a key to the common birds of the plains of India, London, John Lane Company, 1910. url .
Indian pigeons and doves / London: Witherby & Co., 1913. url , , , , .
Indian pigeons and doves / by E.C. Stuart Baker..., author of "Indian Ducks and their Allies"; with twenty-seven coloured plates from drawings by H. Gro?nvold and G.E. Lodge. London: Witherby & Co., 1913. url p. 129, p. 130, p. 135, p. 153.
Indian pigeons and doves. By E.C. Stuart Baker. .. With twenty-seven coloured plates from drawings by H. Grönvold and G.E. Lodge. 1913 London, Witherby & Co., 1913. url p. 129, p. 130, p. 135, p. 144, p. 146, p. 153.
International Congress of Arts and Science. London: University Alliance, [1908] url p. 47.
International catalogue of scientific literature. LondonPublished for the International Council by the Royal Society of London1901-1920 url p. 153, p. 22, p. 31, p. 80, p. 97.
Introduction to zoology; a guide to the study of animals, for the use of secondary schools; by Charles Benedict Davenport. .. and Gertrude Crotty Davenport. .. With three hundred and eleven illustrations. New York, Macmillan company;1900. url p. 304.
Invitation to birds; a few of the common birds of Illinois, an invitation to know and enjoy them. Illus. by the author. Springfield, 1948. url p. 63.
Journal of comparative neurology. Philadelphia, Pa.: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, [1911?- url p. 114.
Journal of ethnobiology. 20 2000 Flagstaff, Ariz.: Center for Western Studies, 1981- url p. 154.
Journal of genetics. Cambridge: University Press, 1910-1977. url , p. 119, p. 136, p. 138, p. 71.
Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. Lexington, KY: The Academy, 1998- url p. 170, p. 187.
Lectures and essays. LondonCassell1908 url p. 333.
Life, outlines of general bioloy / by Sir J. Arthur Thomson, and Patrick Geddes. London: Harper, [19--?] url p. 973.
Lord Lilford on birds: being a collection of informal and unpublished writings by the late president of the British Ornithologists' Union. With contributed papers upon falconry and otter hunting, his favourite sports. Edited by Aubyn Trevor-Battye and illustrated by Archibald Thorburn. London, Hutchinson, 1903. url p. 228, p. 229.
Manual of elementary zoology. London, Oxford University Press, 1958. url p. 392.
Memo?rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro. url p. 117, p. 159, p. 161, p. 166, p. 25, p. 312, p. 32, p. 65, p. 73.
Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 13 1984 San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931-1989. url p. 258.
Mendel's principles of heredity, by W. Bateson. Cambridge [Eng.]University Press, 1913. url p. 100, p. 100.
Mendel's principles of heredity. CambridgeUniversity Press1913 url p. 100.
Mendelism, New York, The Macmillan company, 1913. url .
Migration of birds. by Frederick C. Linclon; revised by Steven R. Peterson; associate editor Peter A. Anastasi; illustrated by Bob Hines. Washington: Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. url p. 117.
Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1965 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url p. 27, p. 3.
More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters, ed. by Francis Darwin. .. and A.C. Seward. .. London, J. Murray, 1903. url p. 168.
More letters of Charles Darwin: a record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters, ed. by Francis Darwin. .. and A.C. Seward. .. London, J. Murray, 1903. url p. 168.
Mutations and evolution, by R. Ruggles Gates. London: W. Wesley & Son, 1921. url p. 114.
Natural history of Selborne, and observations on nature / by Gilbert White; with the text and new letters of the Buckland edition; introduction by John Burroughs; illustrations by Clifton Johnson. Toronto: Musson Book Co., 1904. url p. 144.
Notes on the birds of Kent / by R.J. Balston, C.W. Shepherd, and E. Bartlett. London: R.H. Porter, 1907. url p. 457.
Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. 1984 Lawrence, Kan.: The University, 1971-1994. url p. 1, p. 8.
Oceanic birds of South America: a study of species of the related coasts and seas, including the American quadrant of Antarctica, based upon the Brewster-Sanford collection in the American Museum of Natural History / by Robert Cushman Murphy; illustrated from paintings by Francis L. Jaques; photographs, maps, and other drawings. New York: Macmillan Co.: c1936. url p. 1216.
Olfaction and taste: proceedings of the first international symposium held at the Wenner-Gren Center, Stockholm, September 1962. Oxford; Symposium Publications Division, Pergamon Press, 1963. url p. 114.
On the intestinal tract of birds; with remarks on the valuation and nomenclature of zoological characters. By P. Chalmers Mitchell. .. London, 1901 url p. 269.
On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London; Henry Frowde, [1907] url p. 21, p. 25, p. 445.
Origin of species / Charles Darwin. New York, Boston: H.M. Caldwell Co., [1900?] url p. 19, p. 22, p. 489.
Origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favored races in the struggle for life / by Charles Darwin. New York: P. F. Collier, 1902. url p. 340, p. 54.
Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems / [edited by], Edward T. LaRoe. .. [et al.]. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1995. url p. 437, p. 515.
Our resident birds and how to know them / E.F.M. Elms. London: T. Butterworth, [1921] url p. 111.
Outlines of zoology / by J. Arthur Thomson. London; Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944. url p. 107, p. 732.
Outlines of zoology, New York, Appleton, 1916. url , .
Outlines of zoology, by J. Arthur Thomson. Edinburgh [etc.]H. Frowde and Hodder & Stoughton, 1921. url p. 654, p. 86.
P.D. Skaar's Montana bird distribution / revised by the Montana Bird Distribution Committee. [Helena, MT]:Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1996 url p. 56.
Pearls & parasites, by Arthur E. Shipley. London, Murray, 1908. url p. 220.
Pearls & parasites. London, Murray, 1908. url , .
Pesticides monitoring journal. [Washington, D.C.: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1967-1981. url p. 102.
Pets; their history and care, New York, H. Holt and company, 1917. url .
Physiological genetics, by Richard Goldschmidt. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company inc., 1938. url p. 354.
Pigeon diseases: with a chapter on feeding / Chicago: E.J.W. Dietz, 1919. url .
Polychlorinated biphenyl hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review / by Ronald Eisler (Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). Laurel, MD: The Service, 1986. url p. 54.
Posthumous works of Charles Otis Whitman, professor of zoo?logy in the University of Chicago, 1892-1910; director of Marine biological laboratory at Woods Hole, 1888-1908, edited by Oscar Riddle. .. Washington, The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1919. url , , p. 102, p. 102, p. 108, p. 109, p. 111, p. 115, p. 14, p. 162, p. 171, p. 213, p. 23, p. 49, p. 53, p. 55, p. 61, p. 62, p. 63, p. 65, p. 95, p. 99.
Posthumous works, ed. by Oscar Riddle. Washington, Carnegie Inst., 1919. url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , p. x.
Postilla. 1983 New Haven, Conn.: Peabody Museum of Natural History, [1950?]-c2004. url p. 43.
Principles of economic zoo?logy, London, W.B. Saunders, 1915. url .
Principles of economic zoölogy, London, W. B. Saunders Company, 1917. url p. 266, p. 419.
Principles of economic zoölogy, by L. S. Daugherty and M. C. Daugherty. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1917. url p. 419.
Problems of genetics, by William Bateson. .. New Haven, Yale University Press; [etc., etc.]1913. url p. 98.
Problems of genetics. New HavenYale University Press1913 url p. 98.
Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. Mosman, New South Wales [etc.]The Society. url p. 52.
Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 1997 [San Diego, Calif.]: San Diego Society of Natural History, 1990- url p. 84.
Progress of science in the century / by J. Arthur Thomson. Toronto: Linscott Pub. Co., 1906. url p. 482.
Protozoa. .. by B. L. Bhatia. .. London, Taylor and Francis, 1936- url p. 21, p. 22, p. 30, p. 374, p. 376.
Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man. Minneapolis, Burgess Pub. Co.[1961] url p. 402, p. 409.
Protozoology, by Richard R. Kudo. .. With three hundred and thirty-six illustrations. Springfield, Ill., C.C. Thomas, 1946. url p. 740.
Protozoology, by Richard Roksabro Kudo... with two hundred and ninety-one illustrations. Springfield, Ill., Thomas[c1939] url p. 440, p. 652.
Protozoology. Springfield, Ill., C. C. Thomas[1954] url p. 928.
Publications in zoology = Publications en zoologie. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1970-1982. url p. 20, p. 83.
Quarterly journal of microscopical science. Oxford, [etc.]Clarendon Press [etc.] url .
Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and financial report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents for the year ending June 30. .. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1933-1965. url p. 103, p. 107, p. 107, p. 108, p. 122, p. 129, p. 139, p. 144, p. 151, p. 153, p. 156, p. 167, p. 83, p. 96, p. 99.
Report on the progress and condition of the U.S. National Museum for the year ending June 30. .. / Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum. Washington: G.P.O., 1907-1951. url p. 89.
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899. J. B. Hatcher in charge. Edited by William B. Scott. Princeton, The University, 1901-32 [v. 1, 1903] url p. 33.
Rock River area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, Natural History Survey Division, in conjunction with State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, IL: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1996- url p. 132.
Sanitary entomology; the entomology of disease, hygiene and sanitation, Boston, R. G. Badger[1921] url , .
Sensory biology of sharks, skates, and rays / editors Edward S. Hodgson, Robert F. Mathewson. Arlington, Va.: Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978. url p. 190.
Sex and internal secretions. Contributors: A. Albert [and others] Foreword by George W. Corner. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1961. url p. 1089, p. 1096, p. 1153, p. 1530, p. 70.
Siphonaptera collected during the 1965 Street Expedition to Afghanistan [by] Robert E. Lewis. 64 1973 [Chicago]Field Museum of Natural History, 1973. url p. 138.
Smithsonian year: annual report of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ended Sept. 30. .. 1981 City of Washington: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1980-2001. url p. 433, p. 463.
South African journal of natural history. Pretoria, South African Biological Society. url .
Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url , , p. 104, p. 110, p. 130, p. 15, p. 164, p. 167, p. 170, p. 178, p. 180, p. 181, p. 192, p. 196, p. 197, p. 2, p. 2, p. 2, p. 202, p. 203, p. 220, p. 226, p. 233, p. 24, p. 3, p. 309, p. 31, p. 331, p. 333, p. 339, p. 365, p. 366, p. 377, p. 384, p. 45, p. 49, p. 490, p. 52, p. 54, p. 551, p. 557, p. 569, p. 576, p. 583, p. 615, p. 617, p. 621, p. 65, p. 70, p. 78, p. 79, p. 91, p. 93.
Special scientific report. Seattle, National Marine Fisheries Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949-1971. url p. 58.
Spixiana. 11 1989 München: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, 1977- url p. 283.
Station bulletin. Durham, N.H.: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New Hampshire, 1948- url p. 171.
Studies in bird migration, London, Gurney and Jackson; [etc., etc.]1912. url , .
Studies in bird migration, by William Eagle Clarke. .. with maps, weather charts, and other illustrations. .. London, Gurney and Jackson; [etc., etc.]1912. url p. 331.
Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 18.
System of ophthalmology. St. Louis, Mosby, 1958- url p. 408.
Text-book of zoology; London, A. and C. Black, 1901. url .
Text-book of zoology; treated from a biological standpoint, by Dr. Otto Schmeil; tr. from the German by Rudolf Rosenstock, M. A.; ed. by J. T. Cunningham, M. A. London, A. and C. Black, 1901. url p. 195.
The American journal of anatomy. Baltimore, MD: [s.n.], 1902-1991. url p. 334.
The Argasidae of North America, Central America and Cuba, by R.A. Cooley. .. and Glen M. Kohls. .. Contribution from the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana. Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, United States Public Health Notre Dame, Ind., The University Press, l944. url p. 142.
The Biochemical journal. London [etc.]Cambridge University Press. url p. 732.
The British bird book: an account of all the birds, nests and eggs found in the British Isles / ed. by F.B. Kirkman. Illustrated by two hundred drawings and numerous photographs. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack, 1910-13. url p. 503, p. 646.
The Bulletin of zoological nomenclature. London, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. url p. 29.
The Canadian field-naturalist. 35 1921 Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url , , , p. 10, p. 120, p. 121, p. 14, p. 14, p. 140, p. 161, p. 17, p. 176, p. 19, p. 195, p. 196, p. 209, p. 210, p. 211, p. 224, p. 272, p. 278, p. 294, p. 305, p. 308, p. 335, p. 343, p. 354, p. 355, p. 380, p. 387, p. 394, p. 395, p. 406, p. 425, p. 426, p. 432, p. 459, p. 477, p. 491, p. 495, p. 497, p. 517, p. 521, p. 525, p. 526, p. 527, p. 551, p. 560, p. 569, p. 570, p. 576, p. 580, p. 610, p. 615, p. 640, p. 671, p. 702, p. 722, p. 724, p. 731, p. 732, p. 734, p. 737, p. 741, p. 743, p. 745, p. 747, p. 756, p. 76, p. 765, p. 766, p. 77, p. 772, p. 775, p. 776, p. 778, p. 779, p. 78, p. 781, p. 783, p. 784, p. 9, p. 91, p. 98.
The Emu: official organ of the Australasian Ornithologists' Union. Melbourne: Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, 1901- url p. 294.
The Glasgow naturalist. Glasgow, Andersonian Naturalists of Glasgow. url p. 114, p. 147, p. 148, p. 23.
The Great Basin naturalist. 32 1972 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url smith, wilson & frost, page 229, p. 249, p. 282, p. 42, p. 519, p. 521, p. 602, smith & wilson, page 83.
The Journal of comparative neurology and psychology. Granville, Ohio: Editorial Office, Denison University, url p. 10.
The Journal of experimental zoology. [New York, etc.]Wiley-Liss [etc.] url p. 455, p. 493.
The Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam. [Bangkok, Thailand]: The Society, url p. 32.
The Journal of the South African Ornithologists' Union. Pretoria. url p. 27.
The Marine Mammal Commission compendium of selected treaties, international agreements, and other relevant documents on marine resources, wildlife, and the environment / compiled by Richard L. Wallace. Washington, D.C.: The Commission; 1994 url p. 645.
The Natural history of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island / edited by Carl Skottsberg. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, 1920-1956. url .
The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng. [etc.]: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux [etc.] url p. 142, p. 211.
The Scottish naturalist. Arbroath [etc.]T. Buncle & Co. [etc.] url p. 150, p. 19.
The University of Kansas science bulletin. 37 1956 [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. url p. 1262, p. 136, p. 1375.
The Victoria history of Berkshire. edited by P.H. Ditchfield and William Page. [LondonConstable]1906-1923 url p. 159.
The Victoria history of the county of Cornwall / London: [A. Constable and Company], 1906- url p. 341.
The animals and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology, New York, H. Holt and Company, 1911. url , .
The animans and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology, by Vernon Lyman Kellogg. New York, H. Holt and company, 1911. url p. 260, p. 486.
The biology of senescence. New York, Rinehart, 1956. url p. 49.
The birds of Britain: their distribution and habits / Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1916. url .
The birds of Maine; with key to and description of the various species known to occur or to have occured in the state, an account of their distribution and migration, showing their relative abundance in the various count by Ora Willis Knight. .. Bangor, Me.[printed by C. H. Glass & co.]1908. url p. 208.
The birds of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the higher groups, genera, species, and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America, from the Arctic lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and other island Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1901- url .
The birds of South Africa, London, R. H. Porter, 1900-1906. url .
The birds of South Africa, by Arthur C. Stark. .. London: R. H. Porter, 1900-1906. url p. 160.
The birds of Tunisia; being a history of the birds found in the regency of Tunis. By J. I. S. Whitaker. London, R.H. Porter, 1905. url p. 399.
The birds of Yorkshire: being a historical account of the avi-fauna of the county / by T. H. Nelson; with the co-operation of W. Eagle Clarke and F. Boyes. London: A. Brown, 1907. url p. 494, p. 783.
The chordates. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1950. url p. 513, p. 514, p. 516, p. 831.
The control of life. LondonA. Melrose1921 url p. 32.
The doctrine of descent and Darwinism, New York, Appleton, 1900. url .
The dynamic theory of life and mind: an attempt to show that all organic beings are both constructed and operated by the dynamic agencies of their respective enviroments / By James B. Alexander. Over four hundred illustrations. New York: The Truth seeker co., 1909. url p. 117.
The evolution of living organisms / by Edwin S. Goodrich. London: Dodge publishing co., 1919. url p. 52.
The evolution theory, London, E. Arnold, 1904. url .
The game birds and wild fowl of the British Islands. Sheffield, Pawson & Brailsford, 1900. url , , .
The history of the collections contained in the natural history departments of the British Museum. by R. Bowdler Sharpe. London, 1906. url p. 436, p. 470.
The home life of wild birds; a new method of the study and photography of birds, by Francis Hobart Herrick. London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1905. url p. 252.
The influence of man on animal life in Scotland; study in faunal evolution, by James Ritchie. .. Cambridge: University press, 1920. url p. 525, p. 95.
The migration of birds, as observed at Irish lighthouses and lightships including the original reports from 1888-97, now published for the first time, and an analysis of these and of the previously pu together with an appendix giving the measurement sof about 1600 wings / London: R.H. Porter, [etc., etc., 1900] url p. 662.
The myology of the whooping crane, Grus americana Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1955. url p. 121.
The natural history & antiquities of Selborne in the county of Southampton, by Gilbert White, with illustrations in colour by George Edward Collins... London: Macmillan and co., limited, 1911. url p. 463.
The natural history and antiquities of Selborne, in the county of Southampton / London: Macmillan and Co., 1911. url .
The natural history of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island / edited by Carl Skottsberg. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, 1920- url p. 16, p. 2, p. 293.
The natural history of animals: the animal life of the world in its various aspects and relations, London, The Gresham Publishing Company, 1903-04. url , , , , .
The naturalisation of animals & plants in New Zealand, Cambridge [Eng.]University Press, 1922. url , , .
The origin of species / by Charles Darwin; with introductions, notes and illustrations. New York: P.F. Collier, c1909. url , p. 39, p. 43.
The origin of species by means of natural selection; or, the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, by Charles Darwin. .. with additions and corrections from 6th and last English ed. .. London, D. Appleton and company, 1915. url p. 325.
The origin of species, by Charles Darwin. New York, Literary Classics[19--] url p. 13, p. 16.
The origin of species. New YorkBooks, Inc.[19--?] url p. 20.
The origin of the species by means of natural selection. LondonJ. Murray1910 url p. 16, p. 19, p. 419.
The passenger pigeon in Pennsylvania, its remarkable history, habits and extinction, with interesting side lights on the folk and forest lore of the Alleghenian region of the old Keystone state, by John C. French, with chapters by Samuel N. Rhoads, Dr. B. H. Warren, Henry W. Shoemaker, Charles H. Eldon, James V. Bennett, John H. Chatham, and others. Altoona, Pa., Altoona tribune company, 1919. url p. 79.
The primary factors of organic evolution / by E. D. Cope. Chicago: Open Court, 1904, c1896. url p. 21.
The principles of heredity with some applications / by G. Archdall Reid. London: Chapman & Hall, Ld., 1906. url p. 72.
The principles of heredity, with some applications. London, Chapman, 1905. url p. 68.
The relative value of the processes causing evolution, The HagueM. Nijhoff1921 url p. 236.
The sportsman's British bird book / by R. Lydekker. London: Rowland Ward, 1908. url p. 27.
The study of animal life / by J. Arthur Thomson. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1906. url p. 275.
The theories of evolution, New YorkB.W. Huebsch1913 url p. 47.
The unity of the organism; or, The organismal conception of life, by William Emerson Ritter. .. Boston, R.G. Badger[c1919] url p. 62.
The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation [by] Gordon Lynn Walls. Bloomfield Hills, Mich., Cranbrook Institute of Science, 1942 url p. 365.
The vertebrate fauna of Cheshire and Liverpool Bay / London: Witherby, 1910. url p. 356.
The world's birds a simple and popular classification of the birds of the world, by Frank Finn. With over 50 illustrations from photographs (mostly taken from living specimens) and outline figures in the text. London, Hutchinson & co., 1908. url p. 137, p. 137.
Token reinforcement, choice, and self-control in pigeons / by Kevin D. Jackson. 1993. url p. 36.
Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. [Lexington, Ky.]Kentucky Academy of Science, 1923-1997. url p. 108, p. 172, p. 23.
Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 18 1976 [San Diego]: The Society, 1905-1989. url p. 149.
Travels and traditions of waterfowl. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press[1955] url p. 287.
Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History) / by R.L.M. Warren & C.J.O. Harrison. London: BM(NH), 1966-1973. url p. 121, p. 164.
Types of birds in the Tring Museum. n. p., 1922? url .
University of California publications in zoology. Berkeley: University Press, 1906- url p. 359, p. 360, p. 430.
University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. 1 1947 Lawrence, University of Kansas. url p. 168, p. 182, p. 328, p. 538, p. 556, p. 563, p. 573, p. 581, p. 614, fig. 4, page 615, p. 75.
Variation in animals and plants, by H.M. Vernon. .. New York, H. Holt and company, 1902. url p. 141.
Variation in animals and plants. New York: H. Holt, 1903. url p. 141.
Vertebrate zoo?logy, New York, Macmillan, 1920. url .
Vertebrate zoölogy, by Horatio Hackett Newman New York, The Macmillan company, 1920 url p. 420.
Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. 3 1953 München: Die Staatssammlung, url p. 33.
Washington State Coastal Zone Management Program amendment no. 3: approval of the Grays Harbor estuary management plan: program draft environmental impact statement. [Olympia, Wash.?]: Grays Harbor Regional Planning Commission; 1983. url p. 6.
What is instinct? Some thoughts on telepathy and subconsciousness in animals, New York, F.A. Stokes Co.[1916] url .
Wild life of the world: a descriptive survey of the geographical distribution of animals / London; F. Warne and co., 1916. url p. 425, p. 429, p. 70.
World Checklist of Threatened Birds Nature Conservancy Council url p. 86.
Zoologica; scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society. New York. url p. 43, p. 44, p. 46.
Zoology, a textbook for college and university students, by F. E. Chidester. New York, D. Van Nostrand, 1932. url p. 356, p. 494, p. 562.
Zoology: an elementary text-book. Cambridge: Univ. Press, 1920. url , , .
Zoology; a text-book for secondary schools, normal schools and colleges, by Thomas Walton Galloway. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, 1909. url p. 417.
Zöology; a textbook for colleges and universities, by T. D. A. Cockerell. Yonkers-on-Hudson, N. Y., World book company, 1920. url p. 544, p. 544.

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Contributors

BirdLife International 2009. Columba livia. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 30, 2007:

Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Ontario Nest Records
Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum
Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
OZCAM
Provider, Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
UK National Biodiversity Network, Herts Bird Club - Hertfordshire Breeding Bird Atlas : 1988-1992
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
, Bird specimens
Yale University Peabody Museum, Yale Peabody Museum - Invertebrate Paleontology DiGIR provider service

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 9299
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-676964
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3085810
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 177071
IUCN ID: 201530
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNPB01010
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 147315

Footnotes

New Mexico Wildlife. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Version of April 24, 2009. [back]
Mean = 586.750 meters (1,925.033 feet), Standard Deviation = 872.950 based on 81,202 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Columba livia

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Biology

Diet

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Similar Species

Members of the genus Columba

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes