Clangula hyemalis

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in the intertidal zone at the water's edge at a mean distance from sea level of 56 meters (183 feet).[1]

Biology

Diet

Mostly aquatic invertebrates and fish, with some plant matter.

Reproduction

• Clutch Size: 5-9
• Length of Incubation : 26 (24-29) days
• Days to Fledge : 35-40
• Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001.

Similar Species

Northern Pintail

Members of the genus Clangula

There are approximately 4 species in this genus:

C. albeola · C. glaucion · C. hyemalis (Southerly Old Squaw) · C. islandica

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A bibliography of birds: with special reference to anatomy, behavior, biochemistry --. by Reuben Myron Strong Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1946 UND url p. 237, p. 381, p. 40.
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. ENG url p. 8.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. ENG url p. 142, p. 223.
• A hand-list of the Japanese birds. Edited by a special committee of the Ornithological Society of Japan. [Tokyo, Ornithological Society of Japan]1922. ENG url p. 23.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater London, Witherby and co., 1912. ENG url p. 539.
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1887. ENG url p. 106.
• Alsop, Fred J. III. Birds of North America - Eastern Region. First American Edition. Smithsonian Handbooks. DK Publishing, Inc. 2001.
• An Arctic ecosystem: the coastal tundra at Barrow, Alaska / edited by Jerry Brown [et al.]. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross: c1980. ENG url p. 444.
• An atlas of the chromosome numbers in animals. Ames, Iowa State College Press[1951] ENG url p. 253.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 34.
• Ardea. [Amsterdam, etc., Nederlandse Ornithlogische Unie, etc.] ENG url p. 138, p. 141, p. 142.
• Asteroid notes. Northfield, Minn, Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College, 1934-1950. ENG url p. 186.
• Avifauna Macedonica; die ornithologischen Ergenisse der Forschungsreisen, unternommen nach Mazedonien durch Prof. Dr. Doflein und Prof. L. M... in den Jahren 1917 und 1918. M, Dultz and co., 1920. GER url p. 266.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• Beitr zur Vogelfauna der Mark Brandenburg. Materialen zu einer Ornithologie der norddeutschen Tiefebene auf Grund eigener Beobachtungen und darauf gegrr Studien. Berlin, Deutsche ornithologische Gesellschaft, 1919. GER url p. 140, p. 153, p. 197, p. 466.
• Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Vogelwelt Islands, von Bernhard Hantzsch. Mit 26 Abbildungen und I Karte. Berlin, R. Friedler and Sohn, 1905. GER url p. 182, p. 191, p. 192, p. 193, p. 205, p. 338, p. 51, p. 68, p. 71.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Birdcraft: a field book of two hundred song, game, and water birds / by Mabel Osgood Wright. ..; with eighty full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. New York: Macmillan Co., c1897. ENG url p. 315.
• Birds in Kansas / Max C. Thompson and Charles Ely. Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History: c1989- ENG url p. 110, p. 397.
• British birds. London, Witherby and Co. ENG url p. 129, p. 199, p. 22, p. 239.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 32, p. 395.
• Bulletin / Peabody Museum of Natural History. New Haven: The Museum, ENG url p. 93.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 327.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 108, p. 138, p. 167, p. 287, p. 368, p. 4, p. 610, p. 68.
• Cassinia. Philadelphia, Delaware Valley Ornithological Club. ENG url p. 40.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Charles E. Hellmayr, Boardman Conover. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1948. ENG url p. 382.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 126, p. 512, p. 968.
• Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa in the British museum (Natural history) By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. London, Printed by order of the Trustees [by Taylor and Francis]1909-16. ENG url p. 70.
• Check-list of North American birds / prepared by a committee of the American ornithologists' union. Lancaster, Pa.: The Union, 1931. ENG url p. 424, p. 54.
• Chicago winter birds / by Colin C. Sanborn, Asst., Division of Birds. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1922. ENG url p. 10.
• Ehrlich, P., Dobkin, D., and Wheye, D. (1988). The Birders Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. (info on clutch size, length of incubation, days to fledge and number of broods.)
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 123, p. 338, p. 7.
• Fauna arctica: eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 / Unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher Fachgenossen h Jena: G. Fischer, 19 GER url p. 162, p. 163, p. 273, p. 274, p. 275, p. 276, p. 277, p. 278, p. 279, p. 281, p. 283, p. 284, p. 287.
• Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula, by Olaus J. Murie. Invertebrates and fishes collected in the Aleutians, 1936-38, by Victor B. Scheffer. [Washington, Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1959] ENG url p. 15, p. 89.
• First report of the state zoist: accompanied with Notes on the birds of Minnesota / by P.L. Hatch, Henry F. Nachtrieb, state zoist. Minneapolis: Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota: 1892. ENG url p. 67.
• Fishery bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, The Service, U.S. Govt Print. Off. ENG url p. 531.
• Fishery circular / U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. [Washington]: The Bureau, 1931-1939. ENG url p. 24.
• Fleas, flukes and cuckoos; a study of bird parasites, by Miriam Rothschild and Theresa Clay. New York, Macmillan, 1957. ENG url p. 291, p. 303.
• Food habits of some Arctic birds and mammals / by Clarence Cottam and Harold C. Hanson. Chicago, ILL: Field Museum of Natural History, c1938. ENG url p. 410.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 215.
• Guide to the birds of Europe and North Africa. With a biographical memoir by William Eagle Clarke. London, Gurney and Jackson, 1923. ENG url p. 228.
• Hand-list of genera and species of birds, distinguishing those contained in the British Museum / by G.R. Gray 1870 ENG url p. 186.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. ENG url p. 398.
• Key to North American birds. Containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary, inclusive of Greenland and lower California Boston, Estes and Lauriat, 1890. ENG url p. 890.
• Life histories of North American wild fowl: order Anseres (part) / by Arthur Cleveland Bent. Washington: G.P.O., 1923. ENG url p. 32.
• Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, 1886- ENG url p. 328.
• Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931- ENG url p. 248, p. 268, p. 60.
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas, 1946-1996. ENG url p. 14, p. 14, p. 166, p. 85.
• Names and portraits of birds which interest gunners, with descriptions in languages understanded of the people; by Gurdon Trumbull. New York, Harper and brothers, 1888. ENG url p. 212, p. 84.
• Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1926. ENG url p. 750.
• Nests and eggs of North American birds; by Oliver Davie. Columbus [O.]Hann and Adair, 1889. ENG url p. 72.
• Norsk ornithologisk tidsskrift. Stavanger. NOR url p. 141, p. 215, p. 23, p. 93.
• Novitates Zoologicae. London. url p. 145, p. 219, p. 48.
• Occasional papers - San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, The Society. ENG url p. 9.
• Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. Lawrence, Kansas: The University, 1971-1994. ENG url p. 23.
• Pacific coast avifauna / Cooper Ornithological Club of California. Santa Clara, Calif.: The Club, 1900-1974. ENG url p. 51.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 137, p. 33, p. 469, p. 503.
• Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge. Philadelphia: The Society ENG url p. 41.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. [Washington, Biological Society of Washington] ENG url p. 194, p. 6.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. ENG url p. 39.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 13, p. 137.
• Report of the State Zo©logist. Minneapolis. ENG url p. 67.
• Report upon natural history collections made in Alaska between the years 1877 and 1881 / by Edward W. Nelson. Ed. by Henry W. Henshaw. Washington, Govt. Print. Off.1887. ENG url p. 332.
• Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S., (1966). Birds of North America. New York: Western Publishing Company, Inc. (Length and wingspan info.)
• Secondary sexual characters and ecological competition. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1952. ENG url p. 66.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 32.
• The Biological bulletin. Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Biological Laboratory, ENG url p. 284.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 730.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 40.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. ENG url p. 262, p. 35, p. 51.
• The Scottish naturalist. Arbroath [etc.]T. Buncle and Co. [etc.] ENG url p. 216.
• The birds of Illinois and Wisconsin. Chicago, 1909. ENG url p. 339, p. 339, p. 753, p. 753.
• The birds of eastern North America known to occur east of the nineteenth meridian by Charles B. Cory Chicago, Printed for the Field Columbian Museum [by A. Mudge], 1899. ENG url p. 336.
• The birds of eastern North America: known to occur east of the ninetieth meridian / by Charles B. Cory. Chicago: Field Columbian Museum, 1899. ENG url p. 336.
• The birds of the British Isles and their eggs. by T.A. Coward; with 213 accurately coloured illustrations by Archibald Thorburn and others, reproduced from Lord Lilford's work Coloured figures of the birds of the British Islands, and 69 photograp London; F. Warne, 1920. ENG url p. 369.
• The code of nomenclature and check-list of North American birds adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union; being the report of the Committee of the Union on Classification and Nomenclature. New York, 1886. ENG url p. 120.
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• The faunal connections between Europe and North America. New York, Wiley[1957] ENG url p. 25.
• The game birds of California by Joseph Grinnell, Harold Child Bryant and Tracy Irwin Storer. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1918. ENG url p. 181, p. 615.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 24 providers.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3854424
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-175147
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14365668
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 175147
• IUCN ID: 47227
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNJB16010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 6868

Footnotes

1. Standard Deviation = 228.650 based on 20,000 observations. Terrestrial altitude and ocean depth information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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