Charadrius mongolus

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in a lake with a depth of 0 to -3,496 meters (0 to -11,470 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour This species is fully migratory, with four definable groups migrating on a broad front to different wintering grounds1. In central Siberia, flocks form in early July and depart for their winter quarters in early-August to early-September (adults leaving first), to arrive in India, south Arabia and East Africa in early-August to mid-September1. Populations breeding in eastern Russia, Kamchatka, the Commander Islands and the Chukitsk Peninsula, winter from Taiwan to Australia3, leaving their breeding grounds late-July to early-September1. The population breeding in the Himalayas and southern Tibet winters in a range or areas from India to Sumatra3, returning to its breeding grounds between late-February to April (reaching them between mid-April and mid-May)1. The fourth migratory group of this species breeds in eastern Tibet and winters from Thailand to the Greater Sundas3. Many non-breeding birds may also stay in their winter quarters all year round1, 3. During the non-breeding season the species may occur singly or in flocks of up to 100 or more, but nesting pairs are solitary and territorial during the breeding season2, 4. This species is mainly diurnal but sometimes forages on moonlit nights1, 4. Habitat Breeding During the breeding season this species mainly occurs above the tree-line on mountains at altitudes of up to 5,500 m in the Himalayas (Ladakh, Sikkim, and Tibet)1, 3, 4. It inhabits barren valleys and basins in elevated tundra and mountain steppe , mainly near water (bogs ) on moist but well-drained gravelly, rocky or sandy surfaces with sparse vegetation such as salt-pans, patches of detritus , dry edges of salt-marshes and places used by herds of cattle1. In Siberia and the Commander (Komandorskiye) Islands the species also occurs at sea-level, here inhabiting sand dunes and shingle along the coast1, 3. Non-breeding The species is almost strictly coastal during the non-breeding season, preferring sandy beaches, mudflats of coastal bays and estuaries, sand-flats and dunes near the coast1, 2, occasionally frequenting mangrove mudflats (in Australia)7 and feeding on exposed coral reefs (Solomon Islands, Pacific)6. Very rarely the species also frequents coastal airfields1, and during migration it may be seen on the shores of inland lakes (e.g. the East African Great Lakes)2, 6 and rivers , or on cultivated land3, 5. Diet Breeding The breeding diet of this species includes many beetles, weevils, fly larvae, stalk worms and crabs1. Non-breeding During the non-breeding season this species takes insects, crustaceans (such as crabs and amphipods ), molluscs (particularly bivalves ) and polycheate worms1. Breeding site The nest of this species is a shallow scrape in bare sand or shingle (nesting pairs may often utilise cattle footprints ), sometimes beside bushes and big stones (or amongst lichens and Drias in the Far East)1.

List of Habitats:

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.7     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level   
  
•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.2     Grassland - Subarctic   
  
•     4.7     Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.10     Wetlands (inland) - Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from snowmelt)   
  
•     9     Marine Neritic   
  
•     9.10     Marine Neritic - Estuaries   
  
•     12     Marine Intertidal   
  
•     12.1     Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline   
  
•     12.2     Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits , Etc   
  
•     12.3     Marine Intertidal - Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches   
  
•     12.4     Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats   
  
•     12.6     Marine Intertidal - Tidepools   
  
•     13     Marine Coastal/Supratidal   
  
•     13.3     Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand Dunes   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.1     Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

 

Primarily:

• Aquatic Invertebrates

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : N/A
• Nest Location: N/A
• Nest Type: N/A
• Clutch Size: N/A
• Length of Incubation : ? days
• Days to Fledge : ?
• Number of Broods: ?

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 24-Jun-1996

Similar Species

In alternate plumage, the rust breast band is diagnostic. In winter and juvenile plumages, the lack of a breastband distinguishes it from other small plovers.

Members of the genus Charadrius

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 60 species and subspecies in this genus:

C. alexandrinus (Western Snowy Plover) · C. alexandrinus alexandrinus (Snowy Plover) · C. alexandrinus dealbatus (Snowy Plover) · C. alexandrinus nivosus (Snowy Plover) · C. alexandrinus tenuirostris (Snowy Plover) · C. alticola (Puna Plover) · C. asiaticus (Caspian Plover) · C. australis (Inland Dotterel) · C. bicinctus (Banded Dotterel) · C. bicinctus bicinctus (Double-Banded Plover) · C. cinctus (Red-Kneed Dotterel) · C. collaris (Collared Plover) · C. dubius (Little Ringed Plover) · C. dubius charadrius (Little Ringed Plover) · C. dubius curonicus (Little Ringed Plover) · C. dubius dubius (Little Ringed Plover) · C. falklandicus (Two-Banded Plover) · C. forbesi (ForbesÌ Plover) · C. hiaticula (Common Ringed Plover) · C. hiaticula hiaticula (Common Ringed Plover) · C. hiaticula tundrae (Common Ringed Plover) · C. javanicus (Javan Sand Plover) · C. leschenaultii (Large Sand Dotterel) · C. leschenaultii leschenaultii (Greater Sand Plover) · C. marginatus (White-Fronted Sand Plover) · C. marginatus marginatus (White-Fronted Sand Plover) · C. melanops (Black-Fronted Plover) · C. melodus (Western Piping Plover) · C. melodus circumcinctus (Piping Plover) · C. melodus melodus (Piping Plover) · C. modestus (Rufous-Chested Dotterel) · C. mongolus (Short-Billed Sand Plover) · C. mongolus mongolus (Mongolian Plover) · C. mongolus stegmanni (Eastern Lesser Sand-Plover) · C. montanus (Mountain Plover) · C. morinellus (Eurasian Dotterel) · C. novaeseelandiae (Long-Billed Plover) · C. obscurus (Red-Breasted Dotterel) · C. obscurus obscurus (Red-Breasted Dotterel) · C. occidentalis (Snowy Plover) · C. pallidus (Chestnut-Banded Plover) · C. pecuarius (Kittlitz's Sand Plover) · C. pecuarius pecuarius (Kittlitz's Sand Plover) · C. peronii (Malaysian Sand Plover) · C. placidus (Long-Billed Ringed Plover) · C. rubricollis (Hooded Plover) · C. ruficapillus (Red-Capped Dotterel) · C. sanctaehelenae (St. Helena Sand Plover) · C. semipalmatus (Semipalmated Ring Plover) · C. thoracicus (Black-Banded Sand Plover) · C. tricollaris (Three-Banded Plover) · C. tricollaris tricollaris (Three-Banded Plover) · C. venustus (Chestnut-Banded Sand Plover) · C. veredus (Oriental Dotterel) · C. vociferous (Eastern Mew Gull) · C. vociferus (Kildeer Plover) · C. vociferus vociferus (Killdeer) · C. wilsonia (Thick-Billed Plover) · C. wilsonia beldingi (Wilson's Plover) · C. wilsonia wilsonia (Wilson's Plover)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A catalogue of the collection of birds formed by the late Hugh Edwin Strickland. Cambridge, Univ. Press, 1882. url p. 596.
• A handbook to the birds of British Bermah, including those found in the adjoining state of Karennee, by Eugene W. Oates. .. London, R.H. Porter, 1883. url .
• A history of the birds of Ceylon / London: Published by the author, 1880 [i.e. 1878-1880] url p. 943.
• A manual of Philippine birds / by Richard C. McGregor. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1909. url p. 107, p. 107.
• A manual of Philippine birds, by Richard C. McGregor. .. Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1909. url p. 107.
• A manual of the birds of Australia / by Gregory M. Mathews. .. and. .. Tom Iredale; illus. with coloured and monochrome plates by Lilian Medland. London: Witherby, 1921. url p. 165.
• A manual of the birds of Australia, by Gregory M. Mathews. .. and Tom Iredale. .. Illustrated with coloured and monochrome plates by Lilian Medland. Vol. I. Orders Casuarii to Columb. London, H.F. & G. Witherby, 1921. url p. 165.
• Biosphere Reserves, Compilation 4, October 1986: programme on man and the biosphere (MAB) IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 272.
• Birds of the Chukchi Peninsula and Wrangel Island = (Ptitsy Chukotskogo poluostrova i ostrova Vrangelya) / L.A. Portenko; translated from Russian [by P.M. Rao]. New Delhi: Published for the Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by Amerind Pub. Co., 1981- url p. 329, p. 333, p. 335, p. 342, p. 376.
• Birds. By Eugene W. Oates. London: Taylor and Francis; [etc., etc.], 1889-98. url p. 238.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url , p. 10, p. 114, p. 115, p. 132, p. 134, p. 136, p. 23, p. 253, p. 255, p. 410, p. 5, p. 564, p. 8, p. 87, p. 88, p. 9.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1950-1977. url p. 199.
• Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. London: The Club, 1893- url p. 178, p. 72.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 101 1948 Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1863- url p. 294, p. 378, p. 378, p. 634.
• California fish and game. [San Francisco, etc.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Fish and Game. url p. 122.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Charles E. Hellmayr, Boardman Conover. 13 1948 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1948. url p. 71.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. url p. 223.
• Check-list of North American birds / prepared by a committee of the American ornithologists' union. Lancaster, Pa.: The Union, 1931. url p. 104.
• Check-list of North American birds, New York, American ornithologists' union, 1910. url .
• Check-list of North American birds. [Ithaca, N.Y.]1957. url p. 169, p. 686.
• Check-list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands / prepared by the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of the American Orni Lawrence, Kan.: American Ornithologists' Union, 1983. url p. 167.
• Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931-1987. url p. 253.
• Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine Archipelago, Manila, Bureau of printing, 1910. url p. 107.
• Coastal Sensitivity Overview of the Strait of Malacca. Compiled for International Maritime Organisation (IMO) IMO url , , , , , .
• Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. IUCN url p. 750, p. 763.
• IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas IUCN, UNEP url p. 1015, p. 277.
• IUCN Directory of Protected Areas in Oceania IUCN url p. 194, p. 224, p. 437.
• IUCN Directory of South Asian Protected Areas IUCN url p. 109, p. 124, p. 223, p. 283.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. url p. 101, p. 384.
• Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. Kuala Lumpur: the Museums, 1905-1936. url p. 325.
• Key to North American birds. Containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary, inclusive of Greenland and lower California By Elliot Coues. Boston, D. Estes and Company, 1903. url p. 782.
• Madagascar: an environmental profile IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 176.
• Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zology, at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. Cambridge [Mass.]: The Museum, 1876-1940. url p. 167.
• Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 3 1968 San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931-1989. url p. 47.
• Nature Reserves of the Himalaya and the Mountains of Central Asia IUCN url p. 276, p. 463, p. 94.
• Occasional papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press, 1898-1984. url p. 141, p. 141.
• Occasional papers. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. url p. 141.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 366.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 10 1887 Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 126, p. 615, p. 8.
• Revue mthodique et critique des collections dposes dans cet tablissement. Leyden, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. url p. 39.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 107 1948 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 50.
• Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 306, p. 390.
• Supplement to the code of nomenclature and check-list of North American birds. adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union; prepared by a Committee of the Union. New York: The Union, 1889-1920. url p. 444.
• Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 14.
• Tabular list of all the Australian birds at present know to the author. .. Sydney, 1888. url .
• The Auk. Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union, etc., 1884- url p. 444.
• The Australian zoologist. Sydney, Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales url p. 35.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url , , p. 257, p. 598, p. 601, p. 611, p. 613.
• The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, url p. 861.
• The Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam. [Bangkok, Thailand]: The Society, url p. 61.
• The Marine Mammal Commission compendium of selected treaties, international agreements, and other relevant documents on marine resources, wildlife, and the environment / compiled by Richard L. Wallace. Washington, D.C.: The Commission; 1994 url p. 3127.
• The Natural history of Enewetak Atoll / edited by Dennis M. Devaney. .. [et al.]; prepared by Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Department of Energy. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research, Ecological Research Division, c1987. url p. 332.
• The avifauna of British India and its dependencies: a systematic account, with descriptions of all the known species of birds inhabiting British India, observations on their habits, nidification, &c., tables of their geographical distribution in Persia by James A. Murray. London: Trbner, 1888-1890. url p. 586.
• The birds of Celebes and the neighbouring islands / A.B. Meyer and L.W. Wiglesworth. Berlin: R. Friedlnder, 1898. url p. 746, p. 927.
• The birds of India: being a natural history of all the birds known to inhabit continental India, with descriptions of the species, genera, families, tribes, and orders, and a brief notice of such families as are not foun Calcutta: Printed for the Author by the Military Orphan Press. .., 1862-1864. url p. 642.
• The birds of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the higher groups, genera, species, and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America, from the Arctic lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and other island Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1901- url , , , , .
• The code of nomenclature and check-list of North American birds adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union; New York, 1886. url p. 163.
• The edible and game birds of British India, with its dependencies and Ceylon. With woodcuts, lithographs, and coloured illustrations, by James A. Murray. .. Bombay, Education Society's Press, 1889. url p. 107.
• The geographical distribution of the family Charadriidae, or the plovers, sandpipers, snipes, and their allies / London; H. Sotheran & Co., [1888] url p. 148.
• Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 18 1975 [San Diego]: The Society, 1905-1989. url fig. 13, page 48.
• Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. [London]: Published for the Zoological Society of London by Academic Press url p. 227.
• Treaties and other international agreements on fisheries, oceanographic resources, and wildlife to which the United States is party / prepared at the request of Hon. Warren G. Magnuson for the use of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, by the Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1974. url p. 822.
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. 3 1951 Lawrence, University of Kansas. url p. 136, p. 39.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. Charadrius mongolus. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 21 October 2006.
• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Charadrius mongolus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 29, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 11 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Accessed February 27, 2006. www.iobis.org
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 29, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• BeBIF Provider: Royal Museum of Central Africa - Albertian Rift Birds (ENBI wp13)
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Bird Collection
• GBIF-Sweden: Birds (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Taxonomic Information Sytem for the Belgian coastal area
• Israel Nature and Parks Authority
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• National Chemical Laboratory: IndOBIS, Indian Ocean Node of OBIS
• OZCAM (Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums) Provider: Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-176515
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2480765
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176514
• IUCN ID: 199406
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNNB03010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 178068

Footnotes

1. Mean = -85.950 meters (-281.988 feet), Standard Deviation = 352.720 based on 96 observations. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.