Cervus elaphus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,248 meters (0 to 10,656 feet).[1]

Ecology: It inhabits open deciduous woodland, upland moors and open mountainous areas (sometimes above the treeline), natural grasslands, pastures and meadows (Koubek and Zima 1999). In woodland, its diet consists mainly of shrub and tree shoots , but in other habitats it also consumes grasses, sedges and shrubs.Generally found in mountainous regions, where it spends summers in alpine meadows and winters in valleys. On more level terrain, seeks wooded hillsides in summer, open grasslands in winter. In the USA, Pacific coast populations are more sedentary than are those elsewhere. Migrates from areas with deep snow. Some individuals in Jackson Hole , Wyoming, migrate up to 97 kilometers annually (Adams 1982).Bushes and trees are critical for protection from predators such as wolves, and as an important source of food during the winter in the form of browse (Chen et al., 1998). During the September-October rut , Mongolian populations of red deer congregate in large groups and are more often found in open lowland areas (Dulamtseren et al. 1989).Found in China up to 5,000 m , animals come lower into valleys in winter. They live in small herds of females and young, gathering into larger herds in winter. Stags live singly or form all male herds in summer, but gather harems in rut season in late summer, without obvious territories. Natural lifespan is about 15 years, but a captive animal lived up to almost 27 years. Calving occurs in June-July following a gestation of 235 days. Females drop single calves in late spring . Young are mature at 1.5-2.5 years.[2].

List of Habitats:

• 1 Forest
• 1.1 Forest - Boreal
• 1.4 Forest - Temperate
• 3 Shrubland
• 3.4 Shrubland - Temperate
• 4 Grassland
• 4.4 Grassland - Temperate
• 6 Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs , mountain peaks)
• 14 Artificial/Terrestrial
• 14.2 Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Cervus elaphus (Linnaeus 1758) • Cervus elaphus Linnaeus

Similar Species

Members of the genus Cervus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 47 species and subspecies in this genus:

C. albirostris (White-Lipped Deer) · C. alfredi (Philippine Spotted Deer) · C. capreolus (Red Deer) · C. cervus elaphus (European Red Deer) · C. duvaucelii (Swamp Deer) · C. duvaucelii branderi (Upland Barasingha) · C. duvaucelii duvaucelii (Swamp Deer) · C. elaphus (American Elk) · C. elaphus affinis (Elk) · C. elaphus alashanicus (Alashan Wapiti) · C. elaphus bactrianus (Bactrian Deer) · C. elaphus barbarus (Atlas Deer) · C. elaphus canadensis (American Wapiti) · C. elaphus corsicanus (Corsican Red Deer) · C. elaphus elaphus (Wapiti) · C. elaphus hanglu (Elk) · C. elaphus macneilli (Macneill's Red Deer) · C. elaphus merriami (Merriam's Elk) · C. elaphus nannodes (Elk) · C. elaphus nelsoni (Elk) · C. elaphus roosevelti (Roosevelt Elk) · C. elaphus wallichi (Shou) · C. elaphus yarkandensis (Yarkand Deer) · C. eldii (Eld's Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. eldii eldii (Manipur Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. eldii siamensis (Thailand Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. eldii thamin (Burmese Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. mariannus (Philippine Brown Deer) · C. nannodes (Tule Elk) · C. nippon (Japanese Deer) · C. nippon aplodontus (North Honshu Sika) · C. nippon dybowskii (Sika Deer) · C. nippon grassianus (Shansi Sika) · C. nippon keramae (Kerama Deer) · C. nippon kopschi (South China Sika) · C. nippon mandarinus (North China Sika) · C. nippon mantchuricus (Mantchurian Sika) · C. nippon nippon (Sika Deer) · C. nippon pseudaxis (South China Sika) · C. nippon pulchellus (Tsushima Sika) · C. nippon sichuanicus (Sichuan Sika) · C. nippon taiouanus (Formosan Sika) · C. nippon yesoensis (Hokkaido Sika) · C. schomburgki (Schomburgk's Deer) · C. timorensis (Sunda Sambar) · C. unicolor (Sambar Deer) · C. unicolor hainana (Sambar)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 1, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Lovari, S., Herrero. J., Conroy, J., Maran, T., Giannatos, G., Stubbe, M., Aulagnier, S., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M. Nader, I., de Smet, K. and Cuzin, F. 2008. Cervus elaphus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

• Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, Mammal specimens
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Michigan State University Museum, Vertebrate specimens
• Museum of Texas Tech University
• , Mammal specimens
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• OZCAM
• Provider, Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
• Royal Ontario Museum, Mammal specimens
• Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Mammal Collection
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Biological Records Centre - Mammal records from Britain from the Atlas of Mammals
• , with some subsequent records
• University of Navarra, Museum of Zoology, Museum of Zoology, University of Navarra

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 106040
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-202404
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2704925
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 180695
• IUCN ID: 198994
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AMALC01010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 178537

Footnotes

1. Mean = 300.320 meters (985.302 feet), Standard Deviation = 517.090 based on 1,784 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. Lovari, S., Herrero. J., Conroy, J., Maran, T., Giannatos, G., Stubbe, M., Aulagnier, S., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M. Nader, I., de Smet, K. & Cuzin, F. 2008. Cervus elaphus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.