Overview
Interesting Facts
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Chinese:
Hangul, Shou
Common Names in Dutch:
Edelhert
Common Names in English:
American Elk, Bactrian Deer, Bactrian Red Deer, Bactrian Wapiti, Bokharan Deer, Bukhara Red Deer, Elk, European red deer, Maral, Red Deer, wapiti, wapiti or elk
Common Names in French:
Cerf De Bactriane, Cerf ?laphe, Cerf ?laphe Du Turkestan, Cerf Du Turkestan, Cerf elaphe, Cerf Rouge Du Turkestan, wapiti
Common Names in German:
Edelhirsch, Rothirsch
Common Names in Russian:
Олень благородный (красный)
Common Names in Spanish:
Ciervo, Ciervo Bactriano, Ciervo colorado, Ciervo Com, Ciervo común, Ciervo común, Ciervo Rojo
Description
Physical Description
Species Cervus elaphus
Male American Elk sport large antlers. A rack of antlers can weight 30 pounds and measure 5' across, and require special neck muscles to support them. Large antlers suggest good health -- important information for a female selecting a mate.
Habitat
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,248 meters (0 to 10,656 feet).[1]
Ecology:
It inhabits open deciduous woodland, upland
moors
and open mountainous
areas (sometimes above the treeline), natural grasslands, pastures
and meadows (Koubek and Zima 1999). In woodland, its diet
consists
mainly of shrub
and tree
shoots
, but in other habitats
it also consumes
grasses, sedges and shrubs.Generally found in mountainous regions,
where it spends summers in alpine
meadows and winters in valleys.
On more level terrain, seeks wooded hillsides in summer, open grasslands
in winter. In the USA, Pacific coast populations are more sedentary
than are those elsewhere. Migrates from areas with deep snow. Some
individuals in Jackson Hole
, Wyoming, migrate up to 97 kilometers
annually (Adams 1982).Bushes and trees are critical for protection
from predators
such as wolves, and as an important source of food
during the winter in the form of browse
(Chen et al., 1998).
During the September-October rut
, Mongolian populations of red deer
congregate
in large groups and are more often found in open lowland
areas (Dulamtseren et al. 1989).Found in China up to 5,000
m
, animals come lower into valleys in winter. They live in small
herds
of females and young, gathering into larger herds in winter.
Stags live singly or form all male herds in summer, but gather harems
in rut season in late summer, without obvious territories. Natural
lifespan is about 15 years, but a captive animal lived up to almost
27 years. Calving occurs in June-July following a gestation
of 235
days. Females drop single calves
in late spring
. Young are mature
at 1.5-2.5 years.[2].
List of Habitats:
- 1 Forest
- 1.1 Forest - Boreal
- 1.4 Forest - Temperate
- 3 Shrubland
- 3.4 Shrubland - Temperate
- 4 Grassland
- 4.4 Grassland - Temperate
- 6 Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs , mountain peaks)
- 14 Artificial/Terrestrial
- 14.2 Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
)
- C. Linnaeus, 1758
- animals
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
)
- (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
(
)
- Grobben, 1908
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
(
)
- (Haeckel, 1874) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Phylum:
Chordata
(
)
- Bateson, 1885
- Chordates
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
(
)
- Cuvier, 1812
- Vertebrates
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
(
)
- auct.
- Jawed Vertebrates
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
(
)
- Goodrich, 1930
- Class:
Mammalia
(
)
- C. Linnaeus, 1758
- Subclass:
Theriiformes
(
)
- (Rowe, 1988) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Infraclass:
Holotheria
(
)
- (Wible et al., 1995) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Superlegion:
Trechnotheria
(
)
- McKenna, 1975
- Legion:
Cladotheria
(
)
- McKenna, 1975
- Sublegion:
Zatheria
(
)
- McKenna, 1975
- Infralegion:
Tribosphenida
(
)
- (McKenna, 1975) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Supercohort:
Theria
(
)
- (Parker & Haswell, 1897) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Cohort:
Placentalia
(
)
- (Owen, 1837) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Magnorder:
Epitheria
(
)
- (Mckenna, 1975) M.c. Mckenna & S.k. Bell, 1997
- Superorder:
Preptotheria
(
)
- (McKenna, 1975) McKenna, in Stucky & McKenna, in Benton, ed., 1993
- Grandorder:
Ungulata
(
)
- (C. Linnaeus, 1766) McKenna, 1975
- Mirorder:
Eparctocyona
(
)
- McKenna, 1975
- Order:
Cetartiodactyla
(
)
- Owen, 1848
- Suborder:
Ruminantia
(
)
- Scopoli, 1777
- Suborder:
Ruminantia
(
- Order:
Cetartiodactyla
(
- Mirorder:
Eparctocyona
(
- Grandorder:
Ungulata
(
- Superorder:
Preptotheria
(
- Magnorder:
Epitheria
(
- Cohort:
Placentalia
(
- Supercohort:
Theria
(
- Infralegion:
Tribosphenida
(
- Sublegion:
Zatheria
(
- Legion:
Cladotheria
(
- Superlegion:
Trechnotheria
(
- Infraclass:
Holotheria
(
- Subclass:
Theriiformes
(
- Class:
Mammalia
(
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
(
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
(
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
(
- Phylum:
Chordata
(
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
(
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
(
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
Synonyms
Cervus elaphus (Linnaeus 1758) • Cervus elaphus Linnaeus
Similar Species
Members of the genus Cervus
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 47 species and subspecies in this genus:
C. albirostris (White-Lipped Deer) · C. alfredi (Philippine Spotted Deer) · C. capreolus (Red Deer) · C. cervus elaphus (European Red Deer) · C. duvaucelii (Swamp Deer) · C. duvaucelii branderi (Upland Barasingha) · C. duvaucelii duvaucelii (Swamp Deer) · C. elaphus (American Elk) · C. elaphus affinis (Elk) · C. elaphus alashanicus (Alashan Wapiti) · C. elaphus bactrianus (Bactrian Deer) · C. elaphus barbarus (Atlas Deer) · C. elaphus canadensis (American Wapiti) · C. elaphus corsicanus (Corsican Red Deer) · C. elaphus elaphus (Wapiti) · C. elaphus hanglu (Elk) · C. elaphus macneilli (Macneill's Red Deer) · C. elaphus merriami (Merriam's Elk) · C. elaphus nannodes (Elk) · C. elaphus nelsoni (Elk) · C. elaphus roosevelti (Roosevelt Elk) · C. elaphus wallichi (Shou) · C. elaphus yarkandensis (Yarkand Deer) · C. eldii (Eld's Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. eldii eldii (Manipur Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. eldii siamensis (Thailand Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. eldii thamin (Burmese Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. mariannus (Philippine Brown Deer) · C. nannodes (Tule Elk) · C. nippon (Japanese Deer) · C. nippon aplodontus (North Honshu Sika) · C. nippon dybowskii (Sika Deer) · C. nippon grassianus (Shansi Sika) · C. nippon keramae (Kerama Deer) · C. nippon kopschi (South China Sika) · C. nippon mandarinus (North China Sika) · C. nippon mantchuricus (Mantchurian Sika) · C. nippon nippon (Sika Deer) · C. nippon pseudaxis (South China Sika) · C. nippon pulchellus (Tsushima Sika) · C. nippon sichuanicus (Sichuan Sika) · C. nippon taiouanus (Formosan Sika) · C. nippon yesoensis (Hokkaido Sika) · C. schomburgki (Schomburgk's Deer) · C. timorensis (Sunda Sambar) · C. unicolor (Sambar Deer) · C. unicolor hainana (Sambar)
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Further Reading
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- A guide to the fossil mammals and birds in the Department of geology and palontology in the British Museum (Natural history). .. With 6 plates and 88 text-figures. London: Printed by order of the Trustees [by W. Clowes and sons, limited], 1909. url , p. 5.
- A handbook to the vertebrate fauna of north Wales. London, Witherby & Co., 1919. url p. 16.
- A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere, by William B. Scott. .. illustrated with 32 plates and more than 100 drawings, by Bruce Horsfall. New York, The MacMillan Company, 1913. url p. 678.
- A study of the mammals of Iran: resulting from the Street Expedition of 1962-63 [by] Douglas M. Lay. 54 1967 [Chicago]Field Museum of Natural History, 1967. url p. 224, p. 276, p. 75.
- A survey of the mammals of Afghanistan, resulting from the 1965 Street Expedition (excluding bats) [by] Jerry D. Hassinger. 60 1973 [Chicago]Field Museum of Natural History, 1973. url p. 163, p. 164, p. x.
- A text-book of zoology / London: Macmillan, 1921. url p. 18, p. 520, p. 527.
- A text-book of zoology / by T. Jeffery Parker and William A. Haswell. London: Macmillan1910 url p. 18, p. 536.
- A text-book of zoology, London, Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1910. url .
- A text-book of zoology, by Jefferey Parker. .. and William A. Haswell. .. London, Macmillian and co., limited.1910. url , p. 536, p. 541, p. 542, p. 543.
- A text-book of zoology, by the late T. Jeffery Parker. .. and William A. Haswell. .. London, Macmillian and co., limited, 1921. url , , p. 520, p. 520, p. 525, p. 525, p. 526, p. 527, p. 527, p. 686.
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Notes
Contributors
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 1, 2012.
- IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
- Lovari, S., Herrero. J., Conroy, J., Maran, T., Giannatos, G., Stubbe, M., Aulagnier, S., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M. Nader, I., de Smet, K. and Cuzin, F. 2008. Cervus elaphus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:
- Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, Mammal specimens
- Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
- Michigan State University Museum, Vertebrate specimens
- Museum of Texas Tech University
- , Mammal specimens
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
- OZCAM
- Provider, Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
- Royal Ontario Museum, Mammal specimens
- Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Mammal Collection
- UK National Biodiversity Network, Biological Records Centre - Mammal records from Britain from the Atlas of Mammals
- , with some subsequent records
- University of Navarra, Museum of Zoology, Museum of Zoology, University of Navarra
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 106040
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-202404
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2704925
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 180695
- IUCN ID: 198994
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AMALC01010
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 178537
Footnotes
- Mean = 300.320 meters (985.302 feet), Standard Deviation = 517.090 based on 1,784 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
- Lovari, S., Herrero. J., Conroy, J., Maran, T., Giannatos, G., Stubbe, M., Aulagnier, S., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M. Nader, I., de Smet, K. & Cuzin, F. 2008. Cervus elaphus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]
