Cathartes aura

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Vegetation: arid lowland scrubs, pastures and agricultural lands, tropical deciduous forests, gallery forests, tropical lowland evergreen forest, second-growth forests and woodlands, tropical lowland evergreen forest, pine forests, arid lowland scrubs, low seasonally wet grasslands • Maximum Elevation: 2,500 meters • Foraging Strata: Aerial • Center of Abundance: Lower tropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; tropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,622 meters (0 to 15,164 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1    Forest  
  
•     1.4    Forest - Temperate  
  
•     1.5    Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry  
  
•     1.6    Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland  
  
•     1.9    Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane  
  
•     3    Shrubland  
  
•     3.5    Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry  
  
•     4    Grassland  
  
•     4.6    Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded  
  
•     8    Desert  
  
•     8.1    Desert - Hot  
  
•     14    Artificial/Terrestrial  
  
•     14.2    Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland  
  
•     14.6    Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest  

Biology

Diet

This species is a carrion feeder , eating almost any type of dead animal. It can be commonly seen on the roadside eating vehicle-killed animals. The Turkey Vulture uses both sight and scent to find its food. This species also creates large communal roosts, with many birds gathering in the same tree or group of trees in the evening.

Reproduction

The breeding season begins in March, peaks from April to May, and extends into June. This species will nest in a variety of habitats , but usually in wooded areas. Nest sites include the ground under a shrub , on a cliff , on a ledge, in a shed, or in a barn. No nest is built and eggs are usually laid on the ground, rocks, or other substrate. The female lays 1-3 (usually 2) eggs that she and the male incubate for 38-41 days. The young are semi-altricial and are cared for by the adults for 66-88 days after they hatch . For the first five days after they hatch, the young are brooded continuously by the adults

Clutch Size: 2 Length of Incubation : 38-41 days Days to Fledge : 66-88 Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Short distance migrant

Behavior

Though its dining habits are less than elegant, the vulture is an expert in using air currents and its physique to find carrion . It must search a great deal of territory to find a dead or dying creature for a meal . The vulture is too big to fly long distances efficiently by flapping its wings . Instead, it lets air currents and its large wingspan work for it. Rising columns of air, called thermals, are particularly useful. When one bird finds a good thermal and is climbing successfully, other birds often join, and soon the group can be seen circling around a common axis. It behooves the vulture to fly in steady circles of the smallest diameter, so it can stay near the center of the thermal core where the lift is the strongest. When a height of several hundred meters is attained, the vulture can leave the thermal and glide off, slowly descending , constantly searching the terrain. If a possible meal is sighted, the vulture can reach that point quickly by pouring its efforts into a steep dive. The steeper the angle , the faster the bird travels. He is often able to beat four-footed scavengers to the prey .[2]

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

Similar Species

The most similar species to the Turkey Vulture is the Black Vulture. The Black Vulture has a black bald head. Most of the Black Vulture wing appears black, except a few of the outer flight feathers which create large white-appearing patches near the outer edges of the wings. The wings of the Black Vulture are shorter and broader, and the tail is also shorter.

The Black Vulture is also dark with an unfeathered head, but has a much differet shape in flight. It is short-winged, short-tailed, and intersperses glides on flat wings with quick, snappy wingbeats. Turkey Vultures lack the white patch at the wingtips and show contrast between paler flight feathers and darker coverts. Bald and Golden eagles are both superficially similar, but fly on flat wings, have feathered heads, and do not have contrastingly gray flight feathers. The Zone-tailed Hawk in the Southwest has a similar shape and flight style, but has a feathered head and white bands on a black tail.

Members of the genus Cathartes

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 10 species and subspecies in this genus:

C. aura (Red-Necked Buzzard) · C. aura aura (Turkey Vulture) · C. aura falklandicus (Falkland Turkey Vulture) · C. aura meridionalis (Turkey Vulture) · C. aura ruficollis (Turkey Vulture) · C. aura septentrionalis (Turkey Vulture) · C. aura teter (Turkey Vulture) · C. burrovianus (Lesser Yellow Headed Vulture) · C. burrovianus burrovianus (Lesser Yellow-Headed Vulture) · C. melambrotus (Greater Yellow-Headed Vulture)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A distributional list of the birds of Arizona / Hollywood, Calif.: Cooper Ornithological Club, 1914. url , .
• A faunal investigation of western Rainy River District, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1938. url p. 183.
• A flying trip to the tropics. A record of an ornithological visit to the United States of Colombia, South America and to the island of Curaçao, West Indies, in the year 1892, Cambridge [Mass.]Riverside press, 1895. url p. 154, p. 47, p. 48.
• A history of birds / London: Methuen & Co., [1910] url .
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• A history of the birds of Colorado, London, Witherby & Co., 1912. url .
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• A list of the birds of Florida / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 12.
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• A list of the birds of Maryland / F.C. Kirkwood. Baltimore, Md., 1895. url p. 299.
• A list of the birds of Maryland, giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds; also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded. By F.C. Kirkwood. .. Baltimore: [Maryland Academy of Sciences], 1895. url p. 299, p. 299, p. 376, p. 376.
• A list of the birds of Maryland: giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds, also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded / Baltimore: Deutsch Lithographing & Print. Co.; 1895. url , .
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• The principles of biology / by J.I. Hamaker. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Sons & Co., 1913. url p. 382.
• The principles of biology, by J. I. Hamaker; with 267 illustations. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, 1913. url p. 382.
• The raptorial birds of Iowa, by Bert Heald Bailey. .. Des Moines, Iowa Geological Survey, 1918. url p. 46, p. 49, p. 50.
• The structure and classification of birds, London, Longmans, Green, and co., 1898. url , .
• The vertebrate skeleton from the developmental standpoint, by J. S. Kingsley. .. with 324 illustrations. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co.[c1925] url p. 56.
• The voyage of the Beagle / by Charles Darwin; with introduction and notes. New York: P.F. Collier & son, c1909. url p. 199.
• The world's birds a simple and popular classification of the birds of the world, by Frank Finn. With over 50 illustrations from photographs (mostly taken from living specimens) and outline figures in the text. London, Hutchinson & co., 1908. url p. 2, p. 2.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Cathartes aura. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 05, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Hawk Migration Association of North America - HawkCount
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Bird Studies Canada: BC Coastal Waterbird Survey
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• GBIF-Sweden: Birds (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Bay of Fundy Species List (OBIS Canada)
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• Senckenberg: Collection Aves (bird skins)
• Senckenberg: Collection Aves (spirit preserved)
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8928
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-175265
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2481930
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 175265
• IUCN ID: 198281
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNKA02010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 907

Footnotes

1. Mean = 1,074.970 meters (3,526.804 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,302.620 based on 6,036 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. New Mexico Wildlife. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Version of April 24, 2009. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.