Cardinalis cardinalis

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

The Northern Cardinal prefers wooded or shrubby areas in either urban, suburban, or open woodlands. It is a common inhabitant of disturbed habitat , often found near houses.

Ecology: List of Habitats : 1.6 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland 3.5 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 3.6 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist 14.6 Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest

Biology

Diet

The diet of the Northern Cardinal includes insects, seeds, and fruits. Most of the food is picked off the ground or vegetation.

Reproduction

The breeding season begins in late March, peaks in May, and extends until early August. The breeding habitat preferred by this species includes shrubby areas, thickets, or areas with a very dense understory . The nest is usually in a shrub 0.3-4.5 m (1-15 feet) above the ground . The nest is cup-shaped and constructed from plant stems, twigs , grass , bark strips, and other plant material. The female lays 2-5 (usually 3-4) eggs that she incubates for 12-13 days. The young are altricial and fledge 9-10 days after hatching . The male will care for the young while the female starts the next nest. The young are dependent on adults for 2-4 weeks after they leave the nest.

• Breeding Habitat: Successional-scrub
• Nest Location: Ground-low nesting
• Nest Type: Open-cup
• Clutch Size: 2-5
• Length of Incubation : 12-13 days
• Days to Fledge: 9-10
• Number of Broods: 2, 3, occasionally 4

Migration

Nonmigratory

The Northern Cardinal song is usually loud, variable, whistled notes , sometimes sounding like cheer cheer cheer or purty purty purty.

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001.

Similar Species

Pyrrhuloxia

Members of the genus Cardinalis

There are approximately 31 species in this genus:

C. canicaudus · C. cardinalis (Northern Cardinal) · C. cardinalis affinis · C. cardinalis canicaudus · C. cardinalis cardinalis · C. cardinalis carneus · C. cardinalis clintoni · C. cardinalis coccineus · C. cardinalis flammiger · C. cardinalis floridanus (Northern Cardinal) · C. cardinalis igneus (Northern Cardinal) · C. cardinalis littoralis · C. cardinalis magnirostris · C. cardinalis mariae · C. cardinalis phillipsi · C. cardinalis phoeniceus (Vermilion Cardinal) · C. cardinalis saturatus · C. cardinalis seftoni · C. cardinalis sinaloensis · C. cardinalis superbus (Northern Cardinal) · C. cardinalis townsendi · C. cardinalis yucatanicus · C. clintoni · C. phoeniceus (Vermilion Cardinal) · C. phoenicus · C. saturatus · C. sinuatus (Texas Cardinal) · C. sinuatus fulvescens · C. sinuatus fulvesgens · C. sinuatus peninsulae · C. sinuatus sinuatus (Texas Cardinal)

More Info

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• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A bibliography of birds: with special reference to anatomy, behavior, biochemistry --. Reuben Myron Strong. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1939 UND url p. 640.
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. ENG url p. 17.
• A guide to the birds of New England and eastern New York; containing a key for each season and short descriptions of over 250 species, with particular reference to their appearance in the field, by Ralph Huffmann...with four full page plates by Louis Agas BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company1904. ENG url p. 151, p. 353.
• A hand-list of the genera and species of birds: nomenclator avium tum fossilium tum viventium. London: Trustees of the British Museum1899-1909. ENG url p. 219.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater.. . London, Witherby and amp; co., 1912. ENG url p. 398.
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1887. ENG url p. 602, p. 611, p. 626, p. 631.
• A monograph of the weaver-birds, Ploceidand arboreal and terrestrial finches, Fringillid by Edward Bartlett, Curator of the Maidstone Museum. Maidstone: Published by the author, 1888-[1889] ENG url p. 123, p. 47, p. 49.
• A popular handbook of the ornithology of eastern North America. By Thomas Nuttall. Boston, Little, Brown, and Company, 1896. ENG url p. 418.
• Abstract of proceedings of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia]Delaware Valley Ornithological Club. ENG url p. 27.
• An ecological study of prairie and forest invertebrates / by Charles C. Adams. Urbana, Ill.: Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 1915. ENG url p. 267.
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- ENG url p. 493, p. 497, p. 575.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 141, p. 143, p. 430, p. 503, p. 531, p. 562, p. 687, p. 93, p. 96, p. 99.
• Asteroid notes. Northfield, Minn, Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College, 1934-1950. ENG url p. 168, p. 169.
• Bird guide: land birds east of the Rockies from parrots to bluebirds / by Chester A. Reed. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1916, c1909. ENG url p. 113.
• Bird notes. Brighton: Foreign Bird Club: 1902-1925. ENG url p. 154, p. 183, p. 190, p. 225, p. 274, p. 279, p. 292, p. 297.
• Bird-life: a guide to the study of our common birds / by Frank M. Chapman; illustrated by Ernest Seton Thompson. New York: Appleton, 1900. ENG url p. 190.
• Bird-life; a guide to the study of our common birds, by Frank M. Chapman, with plates and text drawings by Ernest Seton Thompson. New York, D. Appleton and amp; co., 1899. ENG url p. 264.
• Bird-lore. New York, National Association of Audubon Societies. ENG url p. 172.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Birdcraft: a field book of two hundred song, game, and water birds / by Mabel Osgood Wright.. .; with eighty full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. New York: Macmillan Co., c1897. ENG url p. 161, p. 315.
• Birds of America; editor-in-chief, T. Gilbert Pearson; consulting editor, John Burroughs; artists, R.I. Brasher, R. Bruce Horsfall [and] Henry Thurston. New York, The University Society, 1923. ENG url p. 64.
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• Catalogue of Canadian birds, by John Macoun.. . and James M. Macoun.. . Ottawa, Government printing bureau, 1909. ENG url p. 555, p. 556.
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• Handbook of birds of the western United States, including the great plains, great basin, Pacific slope, and lower Rio Grande valley, by Florence Merriam Bailey, with thirty-three full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and over six hundred cuts in the Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1904. ENG url p. 369, p. 47.
• History of the birds of Kansas. By N. S. Goss. Illustrating 529 birds. Topeka, Kan., G. W. Crane, 1891. ENG url p. 483, p. 685.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. ENG url p. 516, p. 516, p. 685.
• Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Chapel Hill, N.C. [etc.]Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society [etc.] ENG url p. 74.
• Katalog der Eiersammlung, nebst Beschreibungeh der aussereuropchen Eier. Berlin, R. Friedler and amp; Sohn, 1910. GER url p. 302.
• Katalog der Vogelsammlung in Museum der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, von Ernst Hartert. Abgeschlossen Mitte Januar 1891. Frankfurt a.M., Knauer, 1891. GER url p. 55.
• Key to North American birds. Containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary, inclusive of Greenland and lower California By Elliot Coues. Boston, D. Estes and Company, 1903. ENG url p. 456.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY USA
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 05, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 16 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• NatureServe. 2003. Downloadable animal data sets. NatureServe Central Databases. Accessed February 6, 2005.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 2, 2007.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• The Georgia Museum of Natural History and Georgia Department of Natural Resources

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 05, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Macaulay Library - Video Data
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Bird Collection
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• Royal Ontario Museum: Bird specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• The New York Botanical Garden: Bronx River Bioblitz
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of New Mexico Museum of Southwestern Biology Bird Collection
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3850882
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179131
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13810502
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179124
• IUCN ID: 54066
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBX60010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 273

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