Cardinalis cardinalis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

The Northern Cardinal prefers wooded or shrubby areas in either urban, suburban, or open woodlands. It is a common inhabitant of disturbed habitat , often found near houses.

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     1.6     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland   
  
•     3     Shrubland   
  
•     3.5     Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     3.6     Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.5     Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas   
  
•     14.6     Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

The diet of the Northern Cardinal includes insects, seeds, and fruits. Most of the food is picked off the ground or vegetation.

Reproduction

The breeding season begins in late March, peaks in May, and extends until early August. The breeding habitat preferred by this species includes shrubby areas, thickets, or areas with a very dense understory . The nest is usually in a shrub 0.3-4.5 m (1-15 feet) above the ground . The nest is cup-shaped and constructed from plant stems, twigs , grass , bark strips, and other plant material. The female lays 2-5 (usually 3-4) eggs that she incubates for 12-13 days. The young are altricial and fledge 9-10 days after hatching . The male will care for the young while the female starts the next nest. The young are dependent on adults for 2-4 weeks after they leave the nest.

• Breeding Habitat: Successional-scrub
• Nest Location: Ground-low nesting
• Nest Type: Open-cup
• Clutch Size: 2-5
• Length of Incubation : 12-13 days
• Days to Fledge: 9-10
• Number of Broods: 2, 3, occasionally 4

Migration

Nonmigratory

The Northern Cardinal song is usually loud, variable, whistled notes , sometimes sounding like cheer cheer cheer or purty purty purty.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 11-Oct-2007

Similar Species

Pyrrhuloxia

Members of the genus Cardinalis

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 8 species and subspecies in this genus:

C. cardinalis (Santa Gertrudis Cardinal) · C. cardinalis floridanus (Northern Cardinal) · C. cardinalis igneus (Northern Cardinal) · C. cardinalis phoeniceus (Vermilion Cardinal) · C. cardinalis superbus (Northern Cardinal) · C. phoeniceus (Vermilion Cardinal) · C. sinuatus (Texas Cardinal) · C. sinuatus sinuatus (Texas Cardinal)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A bird-lover in the West / by Olive Thorne Miller [pseud.] Boston; Houghton, Mifflin, 1900. url .
• A bird-lover in the West [by] Olive Thorne Miller. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin, 1894. url p. vi.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds with notes on the distribution of the species / by Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B.: J. McMillan, 1887. url , p. 92.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds, By Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B., J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url p. 130, p. 130, p. 92, p. 92.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds: with notes on the distribution of the species / Saint John, N.B.: J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url , .
• A catalogue of the birds of Indiana / by Amos W. Butler. S.l.: s.n., 1891? url p. 75, p. 75.
• A catalogue of the birds of the Virginias / by Wm. C. Rives. Newport, R.I.: Printed for the Society by T.T. Pitman, 1890. url p. 15, p. 76, p. 95.
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. url p. 17.
• A comparison of the animal communities of coniferous and deciduous forests, Urbana, Ill., c1927 url p. 113, p. 115, p. 116.
• A distributional list of the birds of Arizona / Hollywood, Calif.: Cooper Ornithological Club, 1914. url .
• A guide to the birds of New England and eastern New York; containing a key for each season and short descriptions of over 250 species, with particular reference to their appearance in the field, by Ralph Huffmann...with four full page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and nearly 100 cuts in the text. BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company1904 url p. 151, p. 353.
• A hand-list of the genera and species of birds: nomenclator avium tum fossilium tum viventium. London: Trustees of the British Museum1899-1909. url p. 219.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, London, Witherby & Co., 1912. url .
• A list of the birds of Florida / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 19.
• A list of the birds of Maine, showing their distribution by counties and their status in each county. Prepared under the auspices of the United ornithologists of Maine by Ora W. Knight. .. Augusta, Kennebec journal print, 1897. url p. 165.
• A list of the birds of Maryland / F.C. Kirkwood. Baltimore, Md., 1895. url p. 338.
• A list of the birds of Maryland, giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds; also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded. By F.C. Kirkwood. .. Baltimore: [Maryland Academy of Sciences], 1895. url p. 338, p. 338, p. 375, p. 375.
• A list of the birds of Maryland: giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds, also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded / Baltimore: Deutsch Lithographing & Print. Co.; 1895. url , .
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• A manual of North American birds by Robert Ridgway. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1887. url , , .
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• [Collected reprints, 1902-1928. s.l., s.n.19--] url .

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Cardinalis cardinalis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 05, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Macaulay Library - Video Data
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Bird Collection
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• Royal Ontario Museum: Bird specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• The New York Botanical Garden: Bronx River Bioblitz
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of New Mexico Museum of Southwestern Biology Bird Collection
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 7925
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179125
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2481930
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179124
• IUCN ID: 197951
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBX60010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 273

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.