Bufo marinus

• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,772 meters (0 to 12,375 feet).[1]

Biome: agricultural areas, disturbed areas, lakes , natural forest , riparian zones, urban areas, water courses , wetlands

Ecology: A nocturnal and terrestrial toad that inhabits humid areas with adequate cover , including cane fields , savannah, open forest , well watered yards and gardens. It thrives in degraded habitats and man-made environments, and is occasionally found in pristine lowland and montane rainforests, but generally prefers open or disturbed habitat such as tracks, roads, low grassland and areas that are near human settlement , e.g. grazing land , suburban parks and gardens. It tends to avoid more densely vegetated areas (eg. wet sclerophyll and rainforest), which can then act as a barrier to their dispersal . It can be found by day beneath fallen trees , loose boards, matted coconut leaves, and similar cover (Lynn 1940). It feeds on arthropods (especially ants and termites) and small vertebrates . It is flexible regards breeding site (Evans et al. 1996); eggs and larvae develop in slow or still shallow waters of ponds , ditches, temporary pools , reservoirs , canals, and streams . Clutch size is between 8,000 and 17,000. Eggs and tadpoles are poisonous and displace native tadpoles. It may sometimes breed in slightly brackish water in Hawaii. Larvae are tolerant of high temperatures .


List of Habitats:1.5Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 1.6Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland 1.9Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane 2.1Savanna - Dry 2.2Savanna - Moist 3.5Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 4.5Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 4.6Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded 5.1Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls ) 5.2Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks 5.4Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands 5.5Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) 5.6Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) 5.7Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) 5.8Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) 12.5Marine Intertidal - Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses) 13.3Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand Dunes 13.4Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes 13.5Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Freshwater Lakes 14.1Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land 14.2Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland 14.3Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations 14.4Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens 14.5Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas 14.6Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest 15.1Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha) 15.2Artificial/Aquatic - Ponds (below 8ha) 15.3Artificial/Aquatic - Aquaculture Ponds 15.4Artificial/Aquatic - Salt Exploitation Sites 15.5Artificial/Aquatic - Excavations (open) 15.6Artificial/Aquatic - Wastewater Treatment Areas 15.7Artificial/Aquatic - Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels ) 15.8Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land 15.9Artificial/Aquatic - Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches 16Introduced vegetation

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 29-Aug-2005

Similar Species

Members of the genus Bufo

There are approximately 509 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

B. abatus · B. abei · B. achalensis · B. achavali · B. acutirostris · B. agua · B. ailaoanus · B. alatus · B. albicans · B. albifrons · B. alvarius (Colorado River Toad) · B. amabilis · B. amatolica · B. amatolicus (Amatola Toad) · B. amboroensis (Cochabamba Toad) · B. americana · B. americanus (Eastern American Toad) · B. americanus; (Eastern American Toad) · B. americanus americanus (Eastern American Toad) · B. americanus charlesmithi (Dwarf American Toad) · B. americanus copei · B. americanus hemiophrys (Canadian Toad) · B. americanus x · B. amieti · B. andersoni · B. andersonii · B. anderssoni · B. andrewsi · B. angusticeps · B. anotis · B. apolobambicus · B. arabicus · B. arborescandens · B. arenarum · B. arenarum arenarum · B. arenarum mendocinus · B. arenarun · B. arequipensis · B. arunco · B. asmarae · B. asper (Giant Indonesian Toad) · B. aspinius · B. atacamensis · B. atukoralei (Atukorale's Dwarf Toad) · B. aucoinae · B. azarae · B. bankorensis · B. baukorensis · B. baxteri (Baxter's Toad) · B. beddomii · B. beebei · B. beiranus · B. bengalensis · B. berghei · B. bergi · B. biporcatus (Philippine Toad) · B. biporcatus biporcatus · B. biporcatus divergens · B. biporcatus philippinicus · B. bisidanae · B. blanfordi · B. blanfordii · B. blombergi · B. bocourti · B. bocourtii · B. boreas (California Toad) · B. boreas boreas (California Toad) · B. boreas halophilus (Western Toad - Southern Rocky Mountains) · B. boreas nelsoni · B. brauni · B. brevipalmata · B. brevirostris · B. brongersmai · B. buchneri · B. bufo (European Toad) · B. bufo asiaticus · B. bufo bufo · B. bufo formosus · B. bufo gargarizans · B. bufo gredosicola · B. bufo hokkaidoensis · B. bufo spinosus · B. bufo wrighti · B. burmanus · B. burti · B. caeruleostictus · B. calamita (Natterjack Toad) · B. californicus (Arroyo Southwestern Toad) · B. camerunensis · B. camerunensis camerunensis · B. camerunensis cameruniensis · B. camortensis · B. campbelli · B. canalifer · B. canaliferus (Dwarf Toad) · B. canorus (Yosemite Park Toad) · B. carens · B. carinatus · B. castaneoticus · B. cataulaciceps (Cuban Pine Toad)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• Aguirre, Windsor and Stuart G. Poss. September 9, 1999 "Indigenous Species in the Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem: Bufo marinus" www.museum.ims.usm.edu/~musweb/nis/Bufo_marinus.html (December 10, 1999)
• Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. 1985. Philippine Amphibians: An Illustrated Field Guide. Bookmark Press, Makati City, Philippines.
• Amphibian Data. For additional documentation about utilization and CITES status, click on the Global Amphibian Assessment (GAA) link above to see the GAA account for this species or alternatively follow this link to the search function on the Global Amphibian Assessment web site and run your own search.
• Amphibians and reptiles of Northern Coahuila, Mexico, by Karl P. Schmidt and David W. Owens. [Chicago, 1944] ENG url p. 99.
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• Australian Museum Online (2000) Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) www.austmus.gov-au/sand/canetoad.htm
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 05, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 19 providers.
• National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
• Solís, F., Ibáñez, R., Hammerson, G., Hedges, B., Diesmos, A., Matsui, M., Hero, J.-M., Richards, S., Coloma, L.A., Ron, S., La Marca, E., Hardy, J. & Powell, R. 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 05, 2007:

• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• California Academy of Sciences, CAS Herpetology Collection Catalog
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Amphibians and Reptiles Collection
• Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Vertebrate specimens
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, MCZ Herpetology Collection - Amphibian Database
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• OZCAM
• Provider, Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2475505
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-173489
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13799889
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 173489
• IUCN ID: 41065
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AAABB01100
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 14858

Footnotes

1. Mean = -290.280 meters (-952.362 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,723.490 based on 106 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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