Bufo cognatus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Special Concern

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Ecology: This species inhabits deserts, grasslands, semi-desert shrublands, open floodplains , and agricultural areas, typically in stream valleys. It burrows underground when inactive . It breeds in rain pools , flooded areas, and ponds and reservoirs that fluctuate in size. Eggs and larvae develop in shallow water (usually clear).[1]


List of Habitats : 3.4 Shrubland - Temperate 4.4 Grassland - Temperate 5.6 Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) 5.8 Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) 8.2 Desert - Temperate 14.1 Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land 15.5 Artificial/Aquatic - Excavations (open) 15.7 Artificial/Aquatic - Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels ) 15.8 Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Bufo cognatus Say in James, 1823

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 29-Aug-2005

Similar Species

Members of the genus Bufo

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 126 species and subspecies in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

B. ailaoanus (Ailao Toad) · B. alvarius (Sonoran Desert Toad) · B. amatolicus (Amatola Toad) · B. amboroensis (Cochabamba Toad) · B. americanus (Eastern American Toad) · B. americanus; (Eastern American Toad) · B. americanus americanus (American Toad) · B. americanus charlesmithi (Dwarf American Toad) · B. americanus hemiophrys (Canadian Toad) · B. arabicus (Arabian Toad) · B. arequipensis (Rio Chili Toad) · B. arunco (Concepcion Toad) · B. asper (Giant Indonesian Toad) · B. atacamensis (Atacama Toad) · B. atukoralei (Atukorale's Dwarf Toad) · B. baxteri (Baxter's Toad) · B. biporcatus (Philippine Toad) · B. boreas (California Toad) · B. boreas boreas (Boreal Toad) · B. boreas halophilus (California Toad) · B. brauni (Dead-Leaf Toad) · B. brongersmai (Tiznit Toad) · B. bufo (Common Toad) · B. calamita (Natterjack Toad) · B. californicus (Arroyo Southwestern Toad) · B. camerunensis (Oban Toad) · B. canaliferus (Dwarf Toad) · B. canorus (Yosemite Park Toad) · B. castaneoticus (Para Toad) · B. cataulaciceps (Cuban Pine Toad) · B. cavifrons (Mountain Toad) · B. cognatus (Great Plains Toad) · B. cognatus cognatus (Great Plains Toad) · B. coniferus (Green Climbing Toad) · B. cophotis (Paramo Toad) · B. cristatus (Large-Crested Toad) · B. crucifer (Striped Toad) · B. danatensis (Middle Asiatic Toad) · B. dapsilis (Bom Jardim Toad) · B. debilis (Western Green Toad) · B. debilis debilis (Eastern Green Toad) · B. debilis insidior (Western Green Toad) · B. dombensis (Dombe Toad) · B. empusus (Cope's Caribbean Toad) · B. exsul (Deep Springs Toad) · B. fowleri (Fowler's Toad) · B. gargarizans (Chusan Island Toad) · B. garmani (Garman's Toad) · B. gemmifer (Jeweled Toad) · B. glaberrimus (Cundinamarca Toad) · B. gracilipes (French Congo Toad) · B. gundlachi (Gundlach's Caribbean Toad) · B. guttatus (Smooth-Sided Toad) · B. gutturalis (Guttural Toad) · B. hemiophrys (Dakota Toad) · B. hemiophrys hemiophrys (Canadian Toad) · B. himalayanus (Himalayan Toad) · B. houstonensis (Houston Toad) · B. ibarrai (Jalapa Toad) · B. ictericus (Yellow Cururu Toad) · B. japonicus (Japanese Common Toad) · B. juxtasper (Sungei Tawan Toad) · B. kelloggi (Little Mexican Toad) · B. kisoloensis (Kisolo Toad) · B. kotagamai (Kotagama's Dwarf Toad) · B. latastii (Ladakh Toad) · B. lemur (Puerto Rican Crested Toad) · B. limensis (Peru Coast Toad) · B. longinasus (Stejneger's Caribbean Toad) · B. macrotis (Big-Eared Toad) · B. maculatus (Flat-Backed Toad) · B. margaritifer (South American Common Toad) · B. marinus (South American Cane Toad) · B. marinus marinus (Giant American Toad) · B. marmoreus (Wiegmann's Toad) · B. mauritanicus (Mauritanian Toad) · B. mazatlanensis (Sinaloa Toad) · B. melanochlorus (Dark Green Toad) · B. melanostictus (Asian Common Toad) · B. microscaphus (Southwestern Toad) · B. microscaphus californicus (Arroyo Toad) · B. nasicus (Werner's Toad) · B. nebulifer (Gulf Coast Toad) · B. nelsoni (Amargosa Toad) · B. nesiotes (Laguna Toad) · B. noellerti (Noellert`s Toad) · B. nyikae (Nyika Dwarf Toad) · B. occidentalis (Pine Toad) · B. ocellatus (Ocellated Toad) · B. olivaceus (Olive Toad) · B. pardalis (Leopard Toad) · B. periglenes (Alajuela Toad) · B. poeppigii (Gray Toad) · B. poweri (Power's Toad) · B. pseudoraddei baturae (Batura Toad) · B. pseudoraddei pseudoraddei (Swat Green Toad) · B. punctatus (Red-Spotted Toad) · B. quercicus (Oak Toad) · B. raddei (Mongolian Toad) · B. rangeri (Ranger's Toad)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles / by Leonhard Stejneger and Thomas Barbour. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1933. url p. 27, p. 28.
• A manual of land and fresh water vertebrate animals of the United States (exclusive of birds) by Henry Sherring Pratt. .. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., inc.[c1935] url p. 389, p. 391.
• Amphibian and reptile inventory on the Headwaters and Dillon Resources Areas in conjunction with Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program; c1998. url .
• Amphibian and reptile survey of the Bureau of Land Management Miles City District, Montana / submitted by Paul Hendricks; a report to Bureau of Land Management Miles City Field Office and Billings Field Office. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program; c1999. url p. 5.
• Amphibian and reptile survey on the Bureau of Land Management Lewistown District: 1995-1998 / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program; c1998. url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
• Amphibian and reptile surveys on Montana refuges: 1998-1999 / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1999. url , .
• Amphibian, reptile and northern bog lemming survey on the Rocky Mountain Front: 1996 / submitted by James D. Reichel; a report to Lewis and Clark National Forest, Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Region 4, [and] BLM-Great Falls Resource Area. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1997. url p. 1, p. 50.
• Aquatic surveys and assessment of the Slim Buttes region of Harding and Butte Co., SD / prepared for the Montana and South Dakota TNC field offices by David M. Stagliano. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2006. url , , , p. 13, p. 43.
• Biological survey of a prairie landscape in Montana's glaciated plains: final report / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program: 2001. url .
• Biology code of the Chemical-Biological Coordination Center... Washington, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1960. url p. 49.
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• Bulletin / Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington: G.P.O., 1901-1971. url p. 52, p. 53, p. 73.
• Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Salem, Mass., Essex Institute. url p. 136.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 93 1943 Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1863- url p. 221, p. 40, p. 41.
• Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences Los Angeles, Calif.: The Academy, 1971- url p. 50.
• California fish and game. [San Francisco, etc.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Fish and Game. url p. 155.
• Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata in the. .. British Museum. London, 1882. url p. 310.
• Check list of the amphibians and reptiles of Canada and Alaska / Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1961 url , p. 28, p. 89.
• Check-list of the amphibians and reptiles of Canada and Alaska / Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1955. url , p. 24, p. 25, p. 84.
• Circle west wildlife baseline study: final report / Larry S. Thompson. Helena: Energy Division, Montana Dept. of Natural Resources and Conservation, [1978] url p. 42.
• Distribution of the land vertebrates of southeastern Washington, by Lee Raymond Dice. Berkeley, University of California press1916. url .
• Ecologically significant wetlands in the Upper Yellowstone River watershed: including the Boulder, Clarks Fork Yellowstone, Shields, and Stillwater River drainages / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 2001. url .
• Edward H. Taylor: recollections of an herpetologist / Edward H. Taylor. .. [et al.]. Lawrence: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1975. url p. 8.
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• Exploration of the Red river of Louisiana, in the year 1852; by Randolph B. Marcy, captain Fifth infantry U.S. Army; assisted by George B. McClellan, brevet captain U.S. engineers. With reports on the natural history of the country and numerous illustrations. Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson, 1854. url , p. 213, p. 214.
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• Handbook of amphibians and reptiles of Kansas. 1950 Lawrence, 1950 url p. 318, p. 325, figs. 28-29, page 54, figs. 33-34, page 60, p. 63, p. 65, fig. 38, page 68, p. 80.
• Handbook of frogs and toads. .. of the United States and Canada. Ithaca, N.Y.Comstock Pub. Co., 1933. url , p. 18, p. 220, p. 54, p. 55, p. 57, p. 58, p. 67.
• Illustrated natural history of the animal kingdom, being a systematic and popular description of the habits, structure, and classification of animals from the highest to the lowest forms, with their r New-YorkDerby & Jackson1859 url p. 411.
• Journal of morphology. Boston: Ginn & Co., [1887-1924] url p. 704.
• Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1817-1918. url p. 345.
• Life-histories of the frogs of Okefinokee swamp, Georgia; North American Salientia (Anura) no.2; by Albert Hazen Wright. New York, The Macmillan company, 1931. url p. 115, p. 116, p. 132, p. 155, p. 480, p. 65.
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1967 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url p. 19, p. 19, p. 3, p. 341, fig. 27, page 53, figs. 32-33, page 60, p. 61, p. 65, fig. 38, page 69, fig. 39, page 70, fig. 47, page 80.
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• Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, url p. 105, p. 107, p. 24, p. 4.
• Plant and animal resources and ecological condition of the Hanging Woman Basin in Big Horn County, Montana and Sheridan County, Wyoming / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2003. url , .
• Potential wildlife-highway interactions at select mile-markers along Montana Department of Transportation routes an ArcView GIS analysis / Bozeman, Mont.: Fish and Wildlife Management Program, Montana State University, 2001 url , , , .
• Preliminary amphibian and reptile survey of the Ashland District, Custer National Forest: 1995: a report / Helena: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1996] url , , , , .
• Proceedings - California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 392, p. 395.
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• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 11, p. 137, p. 161, p. 56, p. 73, p. 75.
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• Proceedings. Salem, Mass.(1856-70) url p. 136.
• Protozoology, by Richard Roksabro Kudo... with two hundred and ninety-one illustrations. Springfield, Ill., Thomas[c1939] url p. 486.
• Publications in natural sciences = Publications de sciences naturelles / Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1983- url , , p. 1, p. 2, p. 54, p. 55, p. 63, p. 74, p. 76, p. 8.
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• Reptiles and amphibians of Texas. Waco, Tex., Baylor University Press, 1915. url , , p. 52, p. 65.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 29, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 14 providers.
• Hammerson, G. & Santos-Barrera, G. 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 29, 2008:

• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Amphibians
• California Academy of Sciences: CAS Herpetology Collection Catalog
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Amphibian and Reptile Collection - Anura
• Carnegie Museums: Amphibians and Reptiles
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Amphibians and Reptiles Collection
• EMAN Provider: FrogWatch Canada
• Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History: Vertebrate specimens
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Southwestern Biology, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles: Museum of Southwestern Biology, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles database
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• University of Alberta: University of Alberta Herpetology Collection
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History: Herp specimens
• Yale University Peabody Museum: Peabody Herp Collection DiGIR provider Service

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 26013
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-173484
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13730233
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 173484
• IUCN ID: 54612
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AAABB01050
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 1635

Footnotes

1. Hammerson, G. & Santos-Barrera, G. 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.