Bufo marinus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,772 meters (0 to 12,375 feet).[1]

Ecology: A nocturnal and terrestrial toad that inhabits humid areas with adequate cover , including cane fields , savannah, open forest , well watered yards and gardens. It thrives in degraded habitats and man-made environments, and is occasionally found in pristine lowland and montane rainforests, but generally prefers open or disturbed habitat such as tracks, roads, low grassland and areas that are near human settlement , e.g. grazing land , suburban parks and gardens. It tends to avoid more densely vegetated areas (eg. wet sclerophyll and rainforest), which can then act as a barrier to their dispersal . It can be found by day beneath fallen trees , loose boards, matted coconut leaves, and similar cover (Lynn 1940). It feeds on arthropods (especially ants and termites) and small vertebrates . It is flexible regards breeding site (Evans et al. 1996); eggs and larvae develop in slow or still shallow waters of ponds , ditches, temporary pools , reservoirs , canals, and streams . Clutch size is between 8,000 and 17,000. Eggs and tadpoles are poisonous and displace native tadpoles. It may sometimes breed in slightly brackish water in Hawaii. Larvae are tolerant of high temperatures .


List of Habitats: 1.5 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 1.6 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland 1.9 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane 2.1 Savanna - Dry 2.2 Savanna - Moist 3.5 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 4.5 Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 4.6 Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded 5.1 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls ) 5.2 Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks 5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands 5.5 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) 5.6 Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) 5.7 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) 5.8 Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) 12.5 Marine Intertidal - Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses) 13.3 Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand Dunes 13.4 Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes 13.5 Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Freshwater Lakes 14.1 Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land 14.2 Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland 14.3 Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations 14.4 Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens 14.5 Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas 14.6 Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest 15.1 Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha) 15.2 Artificial/Aquatic - Ponds (below 8ha) 15.3 Artificial/Aquatic - Aquaculture Ponds 15.4 Artificial/Aquatic - Salt Exploitation Sites 15.5 Artificial/Aquatic - Excavations (open) 15.6 Artificial/Aquatic - Wastewater Treatment Areas 15.7 Artificial/Aquatic - Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels ) 15.8 Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land 15.9 Artificial/Aquatic - Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches 16 Introduced vegetation

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Rana marina Linnaeus

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 29-Aug-2005

Similar Species

Members of the genus Bufo

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 126 species and subspecies in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

B. ailaoanus (Ailao Toad) · B. alvarius (Sonoran Desert Toad) · B. amatolicus (Amatola Toad) · B. amboroensis (Cochabamba Toad) · B. americanus (Eastern American Toad) · B. americanus; (Eastern American Toad) · B. americanus americanus (American Toad) · B. americanus charlesmithi (Dwarf American Toad) · B. americanus hemiophrys (Canadian Toad) · B. arabicus (Arabian Toad) · B. arequipensis (Rio Chili Toad) · B. arunco (Concepcion Toad) · B. asper (Giant Indonesian Toad) · B. atacamensis (Atacama Toad) · B. atukoralei (Atukorale's Dwarf Toad) · B. baxteri (Baxter's Toad) · B. biporcatus (Philippine Toad) · B. boreas (California Toad) · B. boreas boreas (Boreal Toad) · B. boreas halophilus (California Toad) · B. brauni (Dead-Leaf Toad) · B. brongersmai (Tiznit Toad) · B. bufo (Common Toad) · B. calamita (Natterjack Toad) · B. californicus (Arroyo Southwestern Toad) · B. camerunensis (Oban Toad) · B. canaliferus (Dwarf Toad) · B. canorus (Yosemite Park Toad) · B. castaneoticus (Para Toad) · B. cataulaciceps (Cuban Pine Toad) · B. cavifrons (Mountain Toad) · B. cognatus (Great Plains Toad) · B. cognatus cognatus (Great Plains Toad) · B. coniferus (Green Climbing Toad) · B. cophotis (Paramo Toad) · B. cristatus (Large-Crested Toad) · B. crucifer (Striped Toad) · B. danatensis (Middle Asiatic Toad) · B. dapsilis (Bom Jardim Toad) · B. debilis (Western Green Toad) · B. debilis debilis (Eastern Green Toad) · B. debilis insidior (Western Green Toad) · B. dombensis (Dombe Toad) · B. empusus (Cope's Caribbean Toad) · B. exsul (Deep Springs Toad) · B. fowleri (Fowler's Toad) · B. gargarizans (Chusan Island Toad) · B. garmani (Garman's Toad) · B. gemmifer (Jeweled Toad) · B. glaberrimus (Cundinamarca Toad) · B. gracilipes (French Congo Toad) · B. gundlachi (Gundlach's Caribbean Toad) · B. guttatus (Smooth-Sided Toad) · B. gutturalis (Guttural Toad) · B. hemiophrys (Dakota Toad) · B. hemiophrys hemiophrys (Canadian Toad) · B. himalayanus (Himalayan Toad) · B. houstonensis (Houston Toad) · B. ibarrai (Jalapa Toad) · B. ictericus (Yellow Cururu Toad) · B. japonicus (Japanese Common Toad) · B. juxtasper (Sungei Tawan Toad) · B. kelloggi (Little Mexican Toad) · B. kisoloensis (Kisolo Toad) · B. kotagamai (Kotagama's Dwarf Toad) · B. latastii (Ladakh Toad) · B. lemur (Puerto Rican Crested Toad) · B. limensis (Peru Coast Toad) · B. longinasus (Stejneger's Caribbean Toad) · B. macrotis (Big-Eared Toad) · B. maculatus (Flat-Backed Toad) · B. margaritifer (South American Common Toad) · B. marinus (South American Cane Toad) · B. marinus marinus (Giant American Toad) · B. marmoreus (Wiegmann's Toad) · B. mauritanicus (Mauritanian Toad) · B. mazatlanensis (Sinaloa Toad) · B. melanochlorus (Dark Green Toad) · B. melanostictus (Asian Common Toad) · B. microscaphus (Southwestern Toad) · B. microscaphus californicus (Arroyo Toad) · B. nasicus (Werner's Toad) · B. nebulifer (Gulf Coast Toad) · B. nelsoni (Amargosa Toad) · B. nesiotes (Laguna Toad) · B. noellerti (Noellert`s Toad) · B. nyikae (Nyika Dwarf Toad) · B. occidentalis (Pine Toad) · B. ocellatus (Ocellated Toad) · B. olivaceus (Olive Toad) · B. pardalis (Leopard Toad) · B. periglenes (Alajuela Toad) · B. poeppigii (Gray Toad) · B. poweri (Power's Toad) · B. pseudoraddei baturae (Batura Toad) · B. pseudoraddei pseudoraddei (Swat Green Toad) · B. punctatus (Red-Spotted Toad) · B. quercicus (Oak Toad) · B. raddei (Mongolian Toad) · B. rangeri (Ranger's Toad)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 05, 2007:

• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• California Academy of Sciences, CAS Herpetology Collection Catalog
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Amphibians and Reptiles Collection
• Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Vertebrate specimens
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, MCZ Herpetology Collection - Amphibian Database
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• OZCAM
• Provider, Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 26021
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-173489
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13730233
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 173489
• IUCN ID: 41065
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AAABB01100
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 14858

Footnotes

1. Mean = -290.280 meters (-952.362 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,723.490 based on 106 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.