Bufo americanus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,110 meters (0 to 6,923 feet).[1]

Ecology: It inhabits a wide variety of habitats , ranging from forests to prairies, wherever there is sufficient moisture and food. It hides under objects or burrows underground when inactive . In New York, distribution is apparently influenced by soil pH (Wyman 1988). It breeds in nearly any slow or standing body of water , including both permanent and temporary pools , generally in sites with few if any fishes (e.g. , Holomuzki 1995). Eggs are laid and larvae develop in shallow areas. Embryo survival declines greatly at pH below 4.5 (J. Herpetol. 26:70). In northern Minnesota, successful reproduction in acidic bog water either does not occur or is a rare event (Karns 1992).[2]

List of Habitats: 1.1 Forest - Boreal 1.4 Forest - Temperate 3.4 Shrubland - Temperate 4.4 Grassland - Temperate 5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands 5.7 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) 5.8 Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) 14.2 Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland 14.4 Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens 14.5 Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas 15.2 Artificial/Aquatic - Ponds (below 8ha) 15.5 Artificial/Aquatic - Excavations (open) 15.8 Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Bufo americanus americanus • Bufo americanus charlesmithi • Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook, 1836 • Bufo americanus charlesmithi Bragg, 1954 • Bufo terrestris americanus Holbrook • Bufo terrestris copei Yarrow and Henshaw

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 29-Aug-2005

Similar Species

Common in the piedmont and mountain regions of NC, this species is very similar to Fowler's Toad. American Toads are distinguished from Fowler's Toads by a couple of ways: 1. Generally, Americans have only one or two large warts in the big black blotches on the back, whereas Fowler's have 3 or more. 2. In Americans, the parotoid gland (long oval bump behind the eye) does not touch or just barely touches the ridge behind the eye, sometimes connected by a spur. (In Fowler's they touch for a significant length.) Even after looking at these characters, they can be an ID challenge!

Members of the genus Bufo

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 126 species and subspecies in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

B. ailaoanus (Ailao Toad) · B. alvarius (Sonoran Desert Toad) · B. amatolicus (Amatola Toad) · B. amboroensis (Cochabamba Toad) · B. americanus (Eastern American Toad) · B. americanus; (Eastern American Toad) · B. americanus americanus (American Toad) · B. americanus charlesmithi (Dwarf American Toad) · B. americanus hemiophrys (Canadian Toad) · B. arabicus (Arabian Toad) · B. arequipensis (Rio Chili Toad) · B. arunco (Concepcion Toad) · B. asper (Giant Indonesian Toad) · B. atacamensis (Atacama Toad) · B. atukoralei (Atukorale's Dwarf Toad) · B. baxteri (Baxter's Toad) · B. biporcatus (Philippine Toad) · B. boreas (California Toad) · B. boreas boreas (Boreal Toad) · B. boreas halophilus (California Toad) · B. brauni (Dead-Leaf Toad) · B. brongersmai (Tiznit Toad) · B. bufo (Common Toad) · B. calamita (Natterjack Toad) · B. californicus (Arroyo Southwestern Toad) · B. camerunensis (Oban Toad) · B. canaliferus (Dwarf Toad) · B. canorus (Yosemite Park Toad) · B. castaneoticus (Para Toad) · B. cataulaciceps (Cuban Pine Toad) · B. cavifrons (Mountain Toad) · B. cognatus (Great Plains Toad) · B. cognatus cognatus (Great Plains Toad) · B. coniferus (Green Climbing Toad) · B. cophotis (Paramo Toad) · B. cristatus (Large-Crested Toad) · B. crucifer (Striped Toad) · B. danatensis (Middle Asiatic Toad) · B. dapsilis (Bom Jardim Toad) · B. debilis (Western Green Toad) · B. debilis debilis (Eastern Green Toad) · B. debilis insidior (Western Green Toad) · B. dombensis (Dombe Toad) · B. empusus (Cope's Caribbean Toad) · B. exsul (Deep Springs Toad) · B. fowleri (Fowler's Toad) · B. gargarizans (Chusan Island Toad) · B. garmani (Garman's Toad) · B. gemmifer (Jeweled Toad) · B. glaberrimus (Cundinamarca Toad) · B. gracilipes (French Congo Toad) · B. gundlachi (Gundlach's Caribbean Toad) · B. guttatus (Smooth-Sided Toad) · B. gutturalis (Guttural Toad) · B. hemiophrys (Dakota Toad) · B. hemiophrys hemiophrys (Canadian Toad) · B. himalayanus (Himalayan Toad) · B. houstonensis (Houston Toad) · B. ibarrai (Jalapa Toad) · B. ictericus (Yellow Cururu Toad) · B. japonicus (Japanese Common Toad) · B. juxtasper (Sungei Tawan Toad) · B. kelloggi (Little Mexican Toad) · B. kisoloensis (Kisolo Toad) · B. kotagamai (Kotagama's Dwarf Toad) · B. latastii (Ladakh Toad) · B. lemur (Puerto Rican Crested Toad) · B. limensis (Peru Coast Toad) · B. longinasus (Stejneger's Caribbean Toad) · B. macrotis (Big-Eared Toad) · B. maculatus (Flat-Backed Toad) · B. margaritifer (South American Common Toad) · B. marinus (South American Cane Toad) · B. marinus marinus (Giant American Toad) · B. marmoreus (Wiegmann's Toad) · B. mauritanicus (Mauritanian Toad) · B. mazatlanensis (Sinaloa Toad) · B. melanochlorus (Dark Green Toad) · B. melanostictus (Asian Common Toad) · B. microscaphus (Southwestern Toad) · B. microscaphus californicus (Arroyo Toad) · B. nasicus (Werner's Toad) · B. nebulifer (Gulf Coast Toad) · B. nelsoni (Amargosa Toad) · B. nesiotes (Laguna Toad) · B. noellerti (Noellert`s Toad) · B. nyikae (Nyika Dwarf Toad) · B. occidentalis (Pine Toad) · B. ocellatus (Ocellated Toad) · B. olivaceus (Olive Toad) · B. pardalis (Leopard Toad) · B. periglenes (Alajuela Toad) · B. poeppigii (Gray Toad) · B. poweri (Power's Toad) · B. pseudoraddei baturae (Batura Toad) · B. pseudoraddei pseudoraddei (Swat Green Toad) · B. punctatus (Red-Spotted Toad) · B. quercicus (Oak Toad) · B. raddei (Mongolian Toad) · B. rangeri (Ranger's Toad)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A biological survey of the sand dune region on the south shore of Saginaw Bay, Michigan. Prepared under the direction of Alexander G. Ruthven. Lansing, Mich.: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford co., state printers, 1911. url p. 260, p. 262, p. 322.
• A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles / by Leonhard Stejneger and Thomas Barbour. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1933. url p. 27.
• A comparison of the animal communities of coniferous and deciduous forests, Urbana, Ill., c1927 url p. 106, p. 35.
• A faunal investigation of King Township, York County, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1930. url p. 205.
• A faunal investigation of Long Point and vicinity, Norfolk County, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1931. url p. 229, p. 231.
• A faunal investigation of the Lake Abitibi region, Ontario / Toronto: University Library: published by the Librarian, 1928. url p. 35.
• A list of the birds of New Hampshire. By Glover M. Allen Manchester, N.H., Nature press, 1903. url p. 207.
• A manual of land and fresh water vertebrate animals of the United States (exclusive of birds) by Henry Sherring Pratt. .. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., inc.[c1935] url p. 160.
• A manual of the infusoria, including a description of all known flagellate, ciliate, and tentaculiferous protozoa, British and foreign and an account of the organization and affinities of the sponges by W. Saville Kent, 3 vol. London, David Bogue, 1880-1881. url p. 256.
• A popular zoology / by J. Dorman Steele and J.W.P. Jenks. New York: A.S. Barnes & Company, c 1887. url p. 310.
• A synopsis of the reptiles and amphibians of Illinois. By H. Garman. Peoria, Ill., J. W. Franks, 1892 url p. 334.
• A synoptic text-book of zoölogy, for colleges and schools / by Arthur Wisswald Weysse. New York: Macmillan, 1904, c1903. url p. 306.
• Abstract of the proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New York. [New York]: The Society, [1889-1932]. url p. 151, p. 23, p. 59.
• Amphibia and reptiles, by Hans Gadow. 1909 London, Macmillan and co., limited, 1901. url p. 653.
• Amphibian species of the world: Additions and corrections / by William E. Duellman. Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1993. url p. 22, p. 30, p. 331.
• Amphibians and reptiles of the Chicago area, by Clifford H. Pope. [Chicago]Chicago natural history museum, 1944. url fig. 18 , p. 267, p. 268, p. 75, p. 76, p. 81, p. 85.
• An atlas of the chromosome numbers in animals. Ames, Iowa State College Press[1951] url p. 234.
• An ecological characterization of Coastal Maine (north and east of Cape Elizabeth) / Stewart I. Fefer and Patricia S. Schettig: principal investigators. Newton Corner, Mass.: Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, 1980. url .
• An ecological survey in northern Michigan. Prepared under the direction of Chas. C. Adams. A report from the University museum, University of Michigan, published by the state Board of geological survey as a part of the report for 1905. Lansing, Mich.: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford co., state printers, 1906. url p. 109, p. 26, p. 49, p. 49, p. 50.
• An index to the scientific contents of the Journal and Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia [1817-1910] Published in commemoration of the centenary of the academy, March 21, PhiladelphiaAcademy of Natural Sciences url p. 65.
• Anatomischer Anzeiger. Jena: G. Fischer, 1886- url p. 120, p. 122.
• Animal Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1961. url p. 466.
• Animal and plant life in Oklahoma, Norman, 1917. url .
• Animal biology, by Lorande Loss Woodruff... New YorkThe Macmillan company[c1938] url p. 118, p. 119.
• Annual program report. [Toronto]: Ministry of the Environment, A.P.I.O.S. Coordination Office. url p. 76, p. 90.
• Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 88.
• Annual report of Captain A.A. Humphreys, topographical engineers, in charge of Office of Explorations and Surveys, War Department, December, 1858. Washington1859. url p. 149.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. url p. 103, p. 106, p. 110, p. 110, p. 114, p. 119, p. 127, p. 128, p. 146, p. 158, p. 158, p. 176, p. 74, p. 91, p. 94, p. 96, p. 96, p. 97.
• Annual report of the Commissioner of Fisheries to the Secretary of Commerce for the fiscal year ended. .. Washington: G.P.O., 1914-1940. url .
• Annual report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing, Mich.: The Academy, 1916-1921. url p. 59.
• Annual report of the New Jersey State Museum: including a list of the specimens received during the year: financial report, with a report of the mammals of New Jersey and a supplement to former reports, 1907. Trenton, N.J.: MacCrellish & Quigley, 1908. url p. 191, p. 205.
• Annual report of the New York Zoological Society. New York: New York Zoological Society, 1897- url p. 86.
• Applied biology; an elementary textbook and laboratory guide, by Maurice A. Bigelow and Anna N. Bigelow. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1911. url p. 133, p. 134.
• Arctic searching expedition: a journal of a boat-voyage through Rupert's Land and the Arctic Sea, in search of the discovery ships under command of Sir John Franklin. With an appendix on the physical geography of North America. By Sir John Richardson. .. London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1851. url p. 202, p. 203.
• Artificial parthenogenesis and fertilization / Chicago: University of Chicago Press, [1913]. url , .
• Asiatic herpetological research. 8 1999 Berkeley, Calif.: Asiatic Herpetological Research Society; c1990- url p. 50.
• Beach grass, by Charles Wendell Townsend. Boston, Marshall Jones Co., 1923. url p. 317.
• Biology code of the Chemical-Biological Coordination Center... Washington, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1960. url p. 49.
• Biology of the vertebrates: a comparative study of man and his animal allies / by Herbert E. Walter and Leonard P. Sayles. New York: Macmillan Co., 1949. url p. 42.
• Biology: concepts and applications / Cecie Starr. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub., c1997. url p. 258, p. 790.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 113, p. 186, p. 245, p. 284, p. 352, p. 399, p. 74, p. 83.
• Bulletin / Illinois Natural History Survey. Urbana, State of Illinois, Dept. of Registration and Education, Natural History Survey Division, 1918-1985. url , p. 11, p. 134, p. 582, p. 71, p. 74, p. 75, p. 77.
• Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. New YorkAmerican Museum of Natural History1881- url p. 324, p. 467.
• Bulletin of the Charleston Museum. [Charleston, S.C.: the Museum], 1907-1922. url , p. 35.
• Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Salem, Mass., Essex Institute. url p. 136, p. 42.
• Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bloomington, Ill.: The Laboratory, 1876-1918. url p. 293, p. 79.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 21 1891 Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1863- url p. 202, p. 202, p. 226, p. 257, p. 257, p. 263, p. 263, exp. of figs., p. [341]-[342], page 341, p. 341, p. 39.
• Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences Los Angeles, Calif.: The Academy, 1971- url p. 90.
• Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories / Department of the Interior. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1874- url p. 288.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url p. 79.
• Cassell's natural history. Ed. by P. Martin Duncan. .. London [etc]Cassell & Company, Limited, 1891-96. url p. 362, p. 393.
• Catalogue of New York reptiles and batrachians, Albany, University of the state of New York, 1902. url .
• Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata in the. .. British Museum. London, 1882. url p. 309.
• Catalogue of the Batrachia salientia in the collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Günther. London, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1858. url p. 63.
• Check list of the amphibians and reptiles of Canada and Alaska / Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1961 url p. 31, p. 6, p. 91.
• Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia with a systematic list of the higher groups and an essay on geographical distribution, based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum / by Edward D. Cope. Washington: G.P.O., 1875. url .
• Check-list of the amphibians and reptiles of Canada and Alaska / Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1955. url p. 3, p. 86.
• College zoology, New York, The Macmillan company, 1912 url p. 519.
• College zoology, by Robert W. Hegner. New York, The Macmillan company, 1912. url p. 519.
• College zoology. New YorkMacmillan1918 url p. 519.
• Color and color-pattern mechanism of tiger beetles, with twenty-nine black and three colored plates, by Victor E. Shelford. Urbana, Ill., University of Illinois, 1917 url p. 54.
• Combined biennial report for the period ending. .. / Harrisburg, Pa.: The Commission. url .
• Comparative anatomy of vertebrates, Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son & co., 1912. url .
• Comparative animal physiology, by David W. Bishop [and others] Philadelphia, Saunders, 1950. url p. 54.
• Comparative embryology of the vertebrates; with 2057 drawings and photos. grouped as 380 illus. New York, Blakiston[1953] url .
• Compendium of natural features information / Baltimore: The Department, 1975. url p. 168.
• Concealing-coloration in the animal kingdom; an exposition of the laws of disguise through color and pattern: being a summary of Abbott H. Thayer's discoveries, New York, The Macmillan Co., 1909. url .
• Contributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Research. Cambridge, Mass.: [s.n.], July 1904- url p. 121.
• Convergence and morphological constraint in frogs: variation in postcranial morphology; a contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday / Sharon B. Emerson. 43 1988 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988. url p. 16.
• Copeia. [New York, N.Y., etc.]: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. url , , , , , , , p. 14, p. 38, p. 5, p. 51, p. 53, p. 63, p. 67.
• Current bibliography for aquatic sciences and fisheries. London, Taylor & Francis ltd. url p. 694.
• Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. IUCN url p. 761.
• Ecology, behavior, and adult anatomy of the Albida Group of the genus Epicauta (Coleoptera, Meloidae) Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1969. url p. 164.
• Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- url p. 129.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. url p. 353.
• Experimental embryology, a manual of techniques and procedures. Minneapolis, Burgess Pub. Co.[1948] url p. 106, p. 160, p. 30, p. 36, p. 37, p. 45.
• Experimental embryology; techniques and procedures. Minneapolis, Burgess Pub. Co.[1962] url , p. 160, p. 321, p. 38, p. 39, p. 40, p. 47, p. 97, p. 98.
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. url p. 109.
• Familiar life in field and forest; the animals, birds, frogs, and salamanders. New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1898. url .
• Field book of ponds and streams; an introduction to the life of fresh water, by Ann Haven Morgan. .. with about 330 illustrations, including 23 plates in color and black and white. New York, G. P. Putnam's sons, 1930. url , , p. 368.
• Final environmental impact statement: proposed estuarine sanctuary grant award to the state of New York for a Hudson River estuarine sanctuary / Albany, N.Y.: The Department, [1982] url p. 59.
• Fourteen weeks in zoology / by J. Dorman Steele. New York: A.S. Barnes & Company, c1876. url p. 181, p. 299.
• Fresh-water biology, New York, John Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1918. url .
• Fresh-water biology, by Henry Baldwin Ward. .. and George Chandler Whipple. .. with the collaboration of a staff of specialists. New York: Wiley, 1944, c1918. url p. 533.
• Further study of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in northeastern Kansas / by Henry S. Fitch. 2001 Lawrence, Kan.: Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, [2001]. url p. 4, p. 5.
• General embryological information service. Utrecht, Hubrecht Laboratory. url p. 10, p. 11, p. 11, p. 114, p. 129, p. 146, p. 171, p. 224, p. 259, p. 48, p. 50, p. 50, p. 50, p. 84, p. 86, p. 89, p. 95, p. 96, p. 98.
• General systematic bacteriology; history, nomenclature, groups of bacteria, by R. E. Buchanan. .. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1925. url p. 523.
• General zoology / by H. L. Wieman. New York; McGraw-Hill book company, inc., 1938. url p. 451.
• General zoology [by] Mary J. Guthrie [and] John M. Anderson. New York, Wiley[1957] url p. 567.
• General zoology, New York, H. Holt and company, 1917. url p. 251, p. 252.
• Guide to the exhibition of amphibians and reptiles, Cincinnati Society of Natural History / compiled by the Junior Society of Natural Sciences. Cincinnati, Ohio: Cincinnati Society of Natural History?, 1923? url .
• Handbook of frogs and toads. .. of the United States and Canada. Ithaca, N.Y.Comstock Pub. Co., 1933. url p. 20, p. 49, p. 65, p. 67, p. 69, p. 75, p. 77, p. 78.
• Herpetology of Missouri. St. Louis, 1911. url p. 98.
• Iconographic encyclopaedia of science, literature, and art. systematically arranged by J.G. Heck. Translated from the German, with additions, and edited by Spencer F. Baird. .. illustrated by five hundred steel plates, containing upwards to twelve thousand en New York, R. Garrigue, 1851. url p. 260.
• Illinois Natural History Survey bulletin. Champaign, Ill.: The Survey, 1987- url p. 55.
• Illinois River Bluffs area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, [and the] State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1998- url p. 106.
• Illinois biological monographs. Urbana, Univ. of Illinois Press. url p. 53, p. 54.
• Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] url p. 445.
• Journal of entomology and zoology. Claremont, Calif., U.S.A.: Pomona College Dept. of Zoology, [1913- url p. 51, p. 51, p. 55.
• Journal of ethnobiology. 15 1995 Flagstaff, Ariz.: Center for Western Studies, 1981- url p. 42.
• Journal of morphology. Boston: Ginn & Co., [1887-1924] url p. 533.
• Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1817-1918. url p. 106, p. 70.
• Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Chapel Hill, N.C. [etc.]Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society [etc.] url p. 198, p. 198.
• Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. Lexington, KY: The Academy, 1998- url p. 126, p. 159, p. 29, p. 72, p. 73.
• Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Oxford [etc.]Royal Microscopical Society. url p. 559.
• Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington [etc., Washington Academy of Sciences] url p. 268.
• Joy of nature: how to observe and appreciate the great outdoors / [editor, Alma E. Guinness]. Pleasantville, N.Y.: Reader's Digest Association, c1977. url p. 344.
• Lake Maxinkuckee. A physical and biological survey by Barton Warren Evermann...and Howard Walton Clark... [Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford, printer]1920. url p. 631, p. 646.
• Lake Maxinkuckee: a physical and biological survey / by Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. Indianapolis: Dept. of Conservation, 1920. url p. 631, p. 646.
• Larval life in the leaves: arboreal tadpole types, with special attention to the morphology, ecology, and behavior of the Oophagous Osteopilus brunneus (Hylidae) larva / Michael J. Lannoo, Daniel S. Townsend, Richard J. Wassersug. 38 1987 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1987. url fig. 17-18 , p. 17, p. 31.
• Life-histories of the frogs of Okefinokee swamp, Georgia; North American Salientia (Anura) no.2; by Albert Hazen Wright. New York, The Macmillan company, 1931. url , , p. 114, p. 125, p. 126, p. 131, p. 139, p. 140, p. 147, p. 153, p. 154, p. 155, p. 33, p. 34, p. 353, p. 36, p. 43, p. 480, p. 5, p. 59, p. 63, p. 64, p. 66, p. 68, p. 71, p. 79.
• Light and the behavior of organisms, by S.O. Mast. .. New York, J. Wiley & Sons; [etc., etc.]1911. url , p. 214, p. 218, p. 219, p. 395, p. 89.
• Miscellaneous papers on the zoology of Michigan. Prepared under the direction of Alexander G. Ruthven, chief naturalist; pub. as a part of the Annual report of the Board of geological survey for 1915. Lansing, Mich., W. H. Crawford Co., state printers, 1916. url p. 62, p. 62.
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1975 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url p. 22, p. 52.
• Museum paper / Alabama Museum of Natural History. University, Ala.: Alabama Museum of Natural History, 1910-1960. url p. 16.
• Museum paper. University, Ala. [etc.]1910- url p. 16.
• Name that animal; a guide to the identification of the common land and fresh-water animals of the United States, with special reference to the area east of the Rockies. With drawings by Olive Driver. Northampton? Mass., 1950 url p. 344.
• Natural history and ecology of Fowler's toad, Bufo woodhousei fowleri (Amphibia: Bufonidae), in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore / by Felix Breden. 49 1988 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988. url p. 15, p. 16, p. 4.
• Natural history of New York. .. Albany, D. Appleton & co. and Wiley & Putnam;1842-94. url p. 67, p. 94, p. 97.
• Natural history of New York. Albany: D. Appleton: 1842-1894. url p. 94, p. 94, p. 97, p. 97.
• Natural history. A manual of zoölogy for schools, colleges, and the general reader New York, Scribner & co., 1867 url p. 312.
• Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. url p. 315, p. 382, p. 382.
• Nature sketches in temperate America, a series of sketches and a popular account of insects, birds, and plants, treated from some aspects of their evolution and ecological relations, Chicago, A. C. McClurg & Co., 1911. url .
• Nature studies in field and wood, Worcester, Mass., C.K. Reed, 1911. url .
• Nature. London, Macmillan. url p. 349.
• New York State Museum bulletin. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1916-1944. url p. 75, p. 88.
• North American freshwater leeches, exclusive of the Piscicolidae, with a key to all species Urbana, University of Illinois Press[1972] url p. 11, p. 150, p. 68, p. 93.
• North American herpetology, or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States / 3 1838 Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1836-1840. url p. 100, p. 75.
• North American herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States / by John Edwards Holbrook. Philadelphia, J. Dobson;1842. url p. 17, p. 18, p. 19, p. 20.
• North American herpetology; or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. By John Edwards Holbrook. London, J. Dobson;1842. url p. 17, p. 17, p. 18, p. 18, p. 19, p. 19, p. 20, p. 20.
• Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, url p. 149.
• Occasional papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 1913- url , p. 2, p. 3, p. 4, p. 4.
• On the structures and distribution of the genera of the arciferous Anura / by Edward D. Cope. [Philadelphia?: s.n., 1866?]. url p. 70.
• Outlines of comparative anatomy of vertebrates / by J.S. Kingsley. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston, c1917. url p. 94.
• Outlines of general zoology. New York [N.Y.]: Rudolph Garrigue, 1851. url p. 23, p. 260, p. 260.
• Pets: their history and care. With illus. from life. New YorkHolt1917 url p. 309.
• Postilla. 2004 New Haven, Conn.: Peabody Museum of Natural History, [1950?]-c2004. url p. 2.
• Practical zoology, by Robert W. Hegner. .. New York, The Macmillan company[c1915] url p. 106, p. 106.
• Practical zoology. New YorkMacmillan[c1915] url .
• Preliminary amphibian and reptile survey of the Sioux District of the Custer National Forest: 1994 / submitted by James D. Reichel; a report to USDA Forest Service, Custer National Forest. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1995. url p. 10.
• Proceedings - Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences. Staten Island, N.Y., Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences. url p. 135, p. 143, p. 177, p. 204, p. 243, p. 48.
• Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston: Metcalf and Co., 1846-1958 url p. 161, p. 167, p. 168, p. 176, p. 205.
• Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society url p. 404, p. 516.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url , p. 102, p. 13, p. 133, p. 135, p. 161, p. 166, p. 187, p. 200, p. 232, p. 234, p. 251, p. 308, p. 75, p. 81.
• Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Boston [etc.]Boston Society of Natural History. url p. 185, p. 197, p. 197, p. 198, p. 203, p. 229, p. 229, p. 230, p. 230, p. 404, p. 412.
• Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science. Media, Pa.: The Institute, 1906- url p. 41.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 168.
• Proceedings of the Essex Institute. Salem: Essex Institute Press. url p. 182.
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales. url p. 146, p. 147, p. 513.
• Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 1991 [San Diego, Calif.]: San Diego Society of Natural History, 1990- url p. 6.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 23, p. 24, p. 353, p. 354, p. 5, p. 68, p. 69.
• Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London: Academic Press, [etc.], 1833-1965. url p. 1075, p. 791.
• Proceedings. Salem, Mass.(1856-70) url p. 136.
• Publications in natural sciences = Publications de sciences naturelles / Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1983- url , , , , p. 1, p. 47, p. 50, p. 65, p. 74, p. 75, p. 76.
• Publications in zoology = Publications en zoologie. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1970-1982. url p. 59.
• Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for the fiscal year. .. and special papers Washington: G.P.O., 1906-1914. url p. 88.
• Report of the Department of Fisheries of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. [Harrisburg: The Dept.]: 1905-1918. url , .
• Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Columbus, Nevins & Myers, state printers, 1873-93. url , .
• Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and financial report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents for the year ending June 30. .. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1933-1965. url p. 103, p. 110, p. 114, p. 115, p. 115, p. 127, p. 146, p. 158, p. 158, p. 161, p. 164, p. 176, p. 90, p. 91, p. 91, p. 95.
• Report of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries for the fiscal year. .. with appendixes Washington: G.P.O., 1914- url .
• Report on the progress and condition of the United States National Museum. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1907-1951. url p. 212.
• Report on the reptiles and amphibians of Ohio / by W.H. Smith. Columbus: Nevins & Meyers, 1882 url p. 636, p. 639, p. 702.
• Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian / Washington [D.C.]: G.P.O., 1875-1889. url p. 520.
• Report. New York url p. 107, p. 108, p. 40, p. 85, p. 86, p. 87.
• Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made under the direction of the secretary of war, in 1853-[6]. .. Washington, A.O.P. Nicholson, Printer [etc.]1855-60. url , , , , p. 44.
• Reports on zoology for 1843, 1844 / Tr. from the German by George Busk, Alfred Tulk, esq., and Alexander H. Haliday, esq. London: Printed for the Ray society, 1847. url p. 87.
• Rock River area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, Natural History Survey Division, in conjunction with State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, IL: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1996- url p. 134, p. 64.
• Sand dunes and salt marshes / by Charles Wendell Townsend. Boston: L.C. Page & company, c1925. url p. 310.
• Sand dunes and salt marshes, Boston, D. Estes & company[c1913] url .
• Science. New York, N.Y.: [s.n.]1880- url p. 113, p. 114, p. 303, p. 316, p. 317, p. 464, p. 790, p. 808.
• Selected vertebrate endangered species of the seacoast of the United States / prepared by National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. [Washington]: The Service: [for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.], 1980. url p. 6.
• Sex and internal secretions. Contributors: A. Albert [and others] Foreword by George W. Corner. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1961. url p. 1525.
• Smithsonian contributions to knowledge. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1848-1916. url p. 46.
• Smithsonian herpetological information service. Washington: Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, U.S. National Museum. url p. 10, p. 13, p. 14, p. 15, p. 21, p. 22, p. 22, p. 23, p. 24, p. 27, p. 28, p. 3, p. 3, p. 32, p. 32, p. 33, p. 4, p. 4, p. 42, p. 42, p. 5, p. 5, p. 6, p. 6, p. 6, p. 7, p. 7, p. 7, p. 7, p. 8, p. 9.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 46 1905 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 276, p. 83.
• Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 52, p. 58, p. 64, p. 88.
• Studies in natural history. Iowa City, Ia. url p. 20, p. 21, p. 25.
• Studies on the factors controlling the rate of regeneration, by Charles Zeleny. Urbana, University of Illinois, 1916 url p. 53, p. 54.
• Taxonomic studies on the mouth parts of larval Anura, Urbana, University of Illinois, 1937 url p. 60.
• Textbook of general zoology, by Winterton C. Curtis...and Mary J. Guthrie... New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc.;1927. url p. 569.
• Textbook of zoology / by George Edwin Potter. St. Louis: Mosby, 1947. url p. 926.
• The American Museum journal. New York: American Museum of Natural History, c1900-[1918] url p. 163.
• The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 75, p. 75, p. 75.
• The Aquarium bulletin. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn Aquarium Society, Inc., url p. 18.
• The Biological bulletin. Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Biological Laboratory, url p. 147, p. 23, p. 335, p. 345, p. 362, p. 430.
• The Cambridge natural history, ed. by S.F. Harmer. .. and A.E. Shipley. .. London, Macmillan and co., limited;1895-1909 url p. 653.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. 45 1931 Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url coventry , , title page, index , title page, index , logier , , , p. 109, p. 112, p. 126, p. 137, p. 141, p. 144, p. 144, p. 147, p. 154, p. 163, p. 165, p. 170, p. 179, p. 179, p. 189, p. 211, p. 230, p. 230, p. 240, p. 264, p. 265, p. 277, p. 289, p. 309, p. 314, p. 322, p. 329, p. 33, p. 34, p. 347, p. 348, p. 349, p. 358, p. 380, p. 410, p. 411, p. 412, p. 417, p. 429, p. 433, p. 434, p. 438, p. 449, p. 463, p. 468, p. 475, p. 477, p. 486, p. 490, p. 490, p. 491, p. 493, p. 494, p. 494, p. 495, p. 495, p. 495, p. 496, p. 499, p. 499, p. 500, p. 501, p. 511, p. 513, p. 552, p. 553, p. 554, p. 564, p. 585, p. 59, p. 609, p. 610, p. 66, p. 68, p. 68, p. 684, p. 688, p. 719, p. 729, p. 738, p. 74, p. 91.
• The Great Basin naturalist. 37 1977 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url figs. 1-4, page 132, figs. 9-21, page 134, p. 196, p. 373, figs. 16-21, page 379, p. 38.
• The Journal of animal behavior. Albany, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Co., [1911-1917?] url p. 179, p. 186, p. 194, p. 197, p. 199, p. 201, p. 205, p. 207, p. 208, p. 210.
• The Journal of experimental zoology. [New York, etc.]Wiley-Liss [etc.] url , p. 360, p. 379, p. 56, p. 61, p. 618, p. 618, p. 619, p. 619, p. 641, p. 641, p. 651, p. 651.
• The Ohio journal of science. Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science url p. 176.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 175, p. 53.
• The University of Colorado studies. Boulder, University of Colorado. url p. 128, p. 52, p. 55.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. 26 1939 [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. url p. 255, p. 294, p. 321, p. 323, p. 324, p. 325, p. 326, p. 327, p. 328.
• The amphibia and reptilia of Colorado / Max M. Ellis and Junius Henderson. Boulder: University of Colorado, 1913. url p. 52, p. 55.
• The amphibians of Missouri / by Tom R. Johnson. Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1977. url p. 125, p. 128, p. 129, figs. 6-7, page 14, fig. 42, page 71, fig. 43, page 72, p. viii.
• The anatomical record. [New York, etc.]A. R. Liss [etc.] url p. 110.
• The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization / by the Baron Cuvier; the Crustacea, Arachnides and Insecta, by P.A. Latreille; translated from the French, with notes and additions, by H. M'Murtrie; in four volumes, with plates. New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1831. url p. 83.
• The batrachians and reptiles of the State of Indiana / by Oliver Perry Hay. Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1892. url p. 50.
• The birds of New Jersey / by Witmer Stone. Trenton: J.L. Murphy Pub. Co., 1909. url p. 395.
• The changing Illinois environment: critical trends: technical report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, 1994. url p. 151.
• The chordates. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1950. url p. 458, p. 828.
• The distribution of Bidder's organ in the Bufonidae, by D. Dwight Davis. 20 1936 url p. 118.
• The ecology and life history of the common frog (Rana temporaria temporaria). New York, Hafner Pub. Co., 1962 [c1961] url p. 9.
• The frog book: North American toads and frogs, with a study of the habits and life histories of those of the northeastern States / With over three hundred photographs from life by the author. New YorkDoubleday, Page1907 url , p. 19, p. 21, p. 251, p. 252, p. 38, p. 5, p. 63, p. 67, p. 92, p. 96, p. 97.
• The frog book; North American toads and frogs, with a study of the habits and life histories of those of the northeastern states. New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1906. url , , p. 21, p. 251, p. 38, p. 4, p. 5, p. 63, p. 89, p. 91, p. 93, p. 96, p. 97.
• The frogs and toads of the Chicago area / by Karl P. Schmidt, Asst. Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians. 11 1929 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1929. url p. 4, p. 5, p. 7.
• The herpetology of Michigan, by Alexander B. Ruthven. Crystal Thompson and Helen Thompson; Memoranda towards a bibliography of the archaeology of Michigan, by Harlan I. Smith; prepared under the direction of Alexander G. Ruthven. Lansing, Mich., Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, State Printers, 1912. url , , p. 22, p. 8, p. 9.
• The physiology and pharmacology of the pituitary body / by H.B. Van Dyke. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press, [1936]-1939. url p. 121.
• The species problem; a symposium presented at the Atlanta meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, December 28-29, 1955. Edited by Ernst Mayr. Washington, 1957. url p. 337.
• The standard natural history / edited by John Sterling Kingsley. Boston: S.E. Cassino, 1884-85. url p. 327.
• The toad / United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey. United States: The Survey, [1922] url .
• The venom of Heloderma, Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1913. url .
• The venom of Heloderma, by Leo Loeb, with the collaboration of Carl L. Alsberg, Elizabeth Cooke, Ellen P. Corson-White, Moyer S. Fleisher, Henry Fox, T. S. Githens, Samuel Leopold, M. K. Meyers, M. E. Rehfuss, D. Rivas, and Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1913. url p. 79.
• The vertebrates of the Cayuga Lake basin, N. Y., n.p., 1909? url .
• To the River Plate and back: the narrative of a scientific mission to South America, with observations upon things seen and suggested / by W.J. Holland; with eight plates in color from drawings by the author and 78 other illustrations. 1913 New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1913. url p. 175, p. 375.
• Torrey, J. Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey: made under the direction of the secretary of the Interior /by William H. Emory, major First Cavalry, and United States commissioner. 2(2) 1859 Washington: C. Wendell, printer, 1857-59. url p. 25.
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. [St. Louis: Academy of Science of St. Louis], 1860-1958. url , p. 1, p. 188, p. 197, p. 198, p. 3, p. 3, p. 4, p. 4, p. 5, p. 5, p. 7, p. 75, p. 75, p. 75, p. 79, p. 79, p. 79, p. 8, p. 80, p. 80, p. 80, p. 98, p. 98, p. 98.
• Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. Springfield, Ill., Illinois State Academy of Science [etc.] url p. 195, p. 324.
• Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. [Lexington, Ky.]Kentucky Academy of Science, 1923-1997. url p. 112, p. 14, p. 142, p. 174, p. 189, p. 197, p. 217, p. 52.
• Trematodes of the Pacific Northwest, an annotated catalog [by] Ivan Pratt [and] James E. McCauley. Corvallis, Oregon State University Press[1961] url p. 107, p. 23.
• Tulane studies in zoology. 4 1956 New Orleans: Tulane University, 1953-1968. url p. 103, p. 110, p. 123, p. 74.
• University of Iowa studies in natural history. Iowa City, Iowa: The University, 1918-1948. url .
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. 19 1970 Lawrence, University of Kansas. url fig. 11, page 107, p. 366, p. 426, p. 512, p. 515, p. 515, p. 746.
• Vertebrate life / Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, c1996. url p. 780.
• Waste-land wanderings / by Charles C. Abbott. New York; Harper & brothers, 1887. url p. 311.
• Waste-land wanderings. New York, Harper, 1887. url .
• Zoologica; scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society. New York. url p. 432.
• Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere Jena [Germany]:G. Fischer, c -1993. url p. 208.
• Zoology of Colorado, by Theodore D.A. Cockerell. .. Boulder, Col., University of Colorado, 1927. url p. 113.
• Zoology of New York, or the New-York fauna: comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the state of New York, with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropriate illu by James De Kay. Albany: Printed by Carroll and Cook, printers to the Assembly [etc.], 1842-44. url p. 67, p. 94, p. 97.
• Zoology of New York; or, The New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the state of New York, with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompa by James E. De Kay. Albany: W. & A. White & J. Visscher: 1842-44. url p. 67, p. 97.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 05, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 13 providers.
• Hammerson, G. 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 8, 2007.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 05, 2008:

• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Amphibians
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• California Academy of Sciences: CAS Herpetology Collection Catalog
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Amphibian and Reptile Collection - Anura
• Carnegie Museums: Amphibians and Reptiles
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Amphibians and Reptiles Collection
• EMAN Provider: FrogWatch Canada
• Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History: Vertebrate specimens
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• University of Alberta: University of Alberta Herpetology Collection
• University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History: Herp specimens
• Yale University Peabody Museum: Peabody Herp Collection DiGIR provider Service

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 26004
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-207121
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 173473
• IUCN ID: 54570
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AAABB01020
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 153641

Footnotes

1. Mean = 242.190 meters (794.587 feet), Standard Deviation = 158.300 based on 1,172 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. Hammerson, G. 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.