Overview
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Critically Endangered |
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Interesting Facts
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Dutch:
Tamaroe
Common Names in English:
Mindoro Dwarf Buffalo, Tamarau, Tamaraw, Tamarou
Common Names in French:
Tamarau
Common Names in Spanish:
B?falo De Mindoro, Búfalo de mindoro, Tamarau
Description
Habitat
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 766 meters (0 to 2,513 feet).[1]
Biome: Terrestrial [2].
Ecology:
Formerly Tamaraw were found across the whole of Mindoro from sea
level to the high peaks (to over 1,800 m
), inhabiting open grassland
or forest
glades
, thick bamboo-jungle, marshy
river
valleys, and
low to mid-elevation forests (Rabor 1977). The species is currently
confined to a few remote
areas over 200 m, and is most often recorded
in secondary forest and mixed forest/grassland (Kuehn 1986, Custodio
et al.
1996, Heaney et al. 2002).
Tamaraw
are largely solitary, although females occur with offspring (Talbot
and Talbot 1966). Males and females occasionally associate temporarily
throughout the year (Custodio et al. 1996), which is similar
to other bovines species, such as African buffalo, banteng and gaur.
The solitary nature of the species is probably an adaptation to forest
habitats
, where large groups would prove to be a hindrance (Eisenberg
1966, in Kuehn 1986). Tamaraw feed
primarily on grasses, as well
as young bamboo
shoots
, in open grasslands, resting within tall grasses
or dense forest (Talbot and Talbot 1966). Although formerly diurnal
,
Tamaraw have become largely nocturnal
due to human encroachment and
disturbance
(Talbot and Talbot 1966).[2].
List of Habitats:
- 1 Forest
- 1.6 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
- 1.9 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
- 3 Shrubland
- 3.6 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist
- 4 Grassland
- 4.6 Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded
- 4.7 Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude [more info]
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Animalia
()
- C. Linnaeus, 1758
- animals
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
()
- (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
()
- Grobben, 1908
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
()
- (Haeckel, 1874) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Phylum:
Chordata
()
- Bateson, 1885
- Chordates
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
()
- Cuvier, 1812
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
()
- auct.
- Jawed Vertebrates
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
()
- Goodrich, 1930
- Class:
Mammalia
()
- C. Linnaeus, 1758
- Subclass:
Theriiformes
()
- (Rowe, 1988) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Infraclass:
Holotheria
()
- (Wible et al., 1995) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Superlegion:
Trechnotheria
()
- McKenna, 1975
- Legion:
Cladotheria
()
- McKenna, 1975
- Sublegion:
Zatheria
()
- McKenna, 1975
- Infralegion:
Tribosphenida
()
- (McKenna, 1975) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Supercohort:
Theria
()
- (Parker & Haswell, 1897) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Cohort:
Placentalia
()
- (Owen, 1837) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Magnorder:
Epitheria
()
- (Mckenna, 1975) M.c. Mckenna & S.k. Bell, 1997
- Superorder:
Preptotheria
()
- (McKenna, 1975) McKenna, in Stucky & McKenna, in Benton, ed., 1993
- Grandorder:
Ungulata
()
- (C. Linnaeus, 1766) McKenna, 1975
- Mirorder:
Eparctocyona
()
- McKenna, 1975
- Order:
Cetartiodactyla
()
- Owen, 1848
- Suborder:
Ruminantia
()
- Scopoli, 1777
- Suborder:
Ruminantia
(
- Order:
Cetartiodactyla
(
- Mirorder:
Eparctocyona
(
- Grandorder:
Ungulata
(
- Superorder:
Preptotheria
(
- Magnorder:
Epitheria
(
- Cohort:
Placentalia
(
- Supercohort:
Theria
(
- Infralegion:
Tribosphenida
(
- Sublegion:
Zatheria
(
- Legion:
Cladotheria
(
- Superlegion:
Trechnotheria
(
- Infraclass:
Holotheria
(
- Subclass:
Theriiformes
(
- Class:
Mammalia
(
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
(
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
(
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
(
- Phylum:
Chordata
(
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
(
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
(
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
Synonyms
Bubalus mindorensis Heude 1888
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
.
Last scrutiny: 22-Apr-2004
Similar Species
Members of the genus Bubalus
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 6 species and subspecies in this genus:
B. arnee (Asian Buffalo) · B. bubalis (Domestic Water Buffalo) · B. depressicornis (Asiatic Buffaloes) · B. mephistopheles (Short-Horned Water Buffalo) · B. mindorensis (Mindoro Dwarf Buffalo) · B. quarlesi (Mountain Anoa)
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- 1994 IUCN red list of threatened animals Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 1993 url p. 27.
- A catalogue of the collection of mammals in the Field Columbian Museum. 1907 8 Chicago: Field Columbian Museum, 1907. url p. 590, p. 99.
- A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands / Lawrence R. Heaney. .. [et al.]. 88 1998 [Chicago, Ill.]: Field Museum of Natural History, c1998. url p. 48, p. 55, p. 58.
- Anales de la Sociedad Espaola de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, url p. 241, p. 285.
- Annotated CITES Appendices and Reservations CITES url p. 59.
- Biodiversity Data Sourcebook. WCMC Biodiversity Series 1 World Conservation Press url p. 63.
- Catalogue of scientific papers (1800-1900) Comp. by the Royal society of London. Cambridge, C. J. Clay and sons, 1867-1902; url p. 472.
- Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. url p. 101, p. 472.
- Catalogue of the ungulate mammals in the British Museum (Natural History) by R. Lydekker. London, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1913-16. url p. 235, p. 47.
- Checklist of CITES Species CITES, WCMC url p. 100, p. 114, p. 115, p. 226, p. 50.
- Checklist of CITES Species: a reference to the appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES url p. 223, p. 62, p. 81.
- Checklist of mammals listed in the CITES appendices and in EC Regulation 338/97 JNCC url p. 94.
- Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage / by Richard Hesse. .. prepared by W. C. Allee. .. and Karl P. Schmidt. .. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1937. url p. 523, p. 562.
- Extinct and vanishing mammals of the Old World. Illus. by Earl L. Poole. New York, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, 1945. url p. 548.
- Humboldt; Monatsschrift fr die gesamten Naturwissenschaften. Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1882-90. url p. 248.
- In the field: the bulletin of the Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago, IL: Field Museum of Natural History, c1990- url p. 10.
- Mammals of the Pacific world / [by] T.D. Carter, J.E. Hill [and] G.H.H. Tate. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1945. url p. 217.
- Mammals of the Soviet Union / V.G. Heptner, A.A. Nasimovich, and A.G. Bannikov; scientific editor, Robert S. Hoffmann. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, 1988- url p. 536.
- Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: The Academy, 1868- url p. 17.
- Preliminary notes on the birds and mammals collected by the Menage Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands. Minneapolis, The Academy, 1894. url .
- Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 333, p. 585.
- Protected Areas Systems Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm World Bank url p. 149.
- Smithsonian year. 1967 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1965-1976. url p. 62.
- The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Asia and the Pacific IUCN url p. 198.
- The Marine Mammal Commission compendium of selected treaties, international agreements, and other relevant documents on marine resources, wildlife, and the environment / compiled by Richard L. Wallace. Washington, D.C.: The Commission; 1994 url p. 624.
- The Philippine journal of science. Manila: Bureau of Science url p. 145, p. 45, p. 49, p. 57.
- The conservation status of biological resources in the Philippines WCMC url p. 28, p. 43.
- The wild beasts of the world / by Frank Finn; illustrated with 100 reproductions in full colours from drawings by Louis Sargent, Cuthbert E. Swan, and Winifred Austin. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack, [1909?] url , p. 32.
- The wild beasts of the world / illustrated by Louis Sargent and others. London, Jack, 1909. url , .
- The wild beasts of the world; Edinburgh, T. C. & E. C. Jack, [1909] url , .
- Wild cattle, bison and buffaloes, their status and potential value / Cambridge, Great Britain: IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, [1983] url , , , .
- Wild oxen, sheep & goats of all lands, living and extinct, by R. Lydekker. London, R. Ward, 1898. url p. 310.
- World Checklist of Threatened Mammals JNCC url p. 97.
Notes
Contributors
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
- Hedges, S., Duckworth, J.W., de Leon, J., Custodio, C. & Gonzales, J.C. 2008. Bubalus mindorensis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
- IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 26, 2007:
- Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Vertebrate specimens
- University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History, Mammal specimens
- University of Washington Burke Museum, Mammal Specimens
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-625123
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13803336
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 625123
- IUCN ID: 196190
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: A03O
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 556
Footnotes
- Mean = 151.500 meters (497.047 feet), Standard Deviation = 869.030 based on 2 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
- Hedges, S., Duckworth, J.W., de Leon, J., Custodio, C. & Gonzales, J.C. 2008. Bubalus mindorensis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]
