Branta leucopsis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 343 meters (1,126 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour This species is fully migratory and travels on a narrow front2 between extremely localised breeding and wintering areas1. It is present on its breeding grounds from May or June to August or September2 where it breeds in small but often closely packed colonies1, 3 of 5-50 pairs, occasionally singly or in groups of up to 150 pairs6. It uses the same nesting sites year after year4 and sometimes nests among seabird colonies3. After the young hatch the adults undergo a flightless moult period near the breeding grounds between mid-July and mid-August that lasts for 3-4 weeks5. The species migrates to autumn staging areas in September2 from which it travels via regular stop-over sites3 to the wintering grounds, arriving in late-September2. The return migration begins in April or May, the species moving to spring staging areas where it may be present for 20-30 days before migrating northwards2. The species is highly gregarious outside of the breeding season , often feeding in dense concentrations on coastal grasslands during the winter3. In winter habitats it roosts on water3 or on sandbanks near saltmarshes and pastureland10. Habitat Breeding The species breeds in Arctic semi-desert tundra (fjellmark)2 on crags, rocky outcrops1, cliffs , rocky slopes4 and coastal islands (Svalbard)2 near wetlands such as lakes , rivers , marshes, the upper parts of fjords , coastlines4, wet meadows and mudflats2. In years when the snow is slow to melt the species first forages on grassy vegetation on south-facing mountain slopes fertilised by the droppings of cliff-nesting seabirds before moving down to breeding areas2. It also returns to these slopes after the moulting period before autumn migration2. After the young hatch families may disperse away from rocky ground to more vegetated areas surrounding tundra lakes and rivers2. Non-breeding During the non-breeding season the species frequents tidal mudflats , saltmarshes2, 4 and adjacent coastal meadows1, 4 (especially improvedrough pasturesand arable land1, 2), with agricultural fields becoming increasingly more important as winter feeding areas5. Diet The species is herbivorous1 its diet consisting of the leaves, stems and seed-heads of grasses, sedges, aquatic plants1, 2, mosses2, various herbs (especially white clover Trifolium repens in the winter)8, 10 and shrubs (e.g. arctic willow Salix arctica)4. It may also take agricultural grain and vegetables during the winter1. Breeding site The nest is a shallow depression in a low mound of vegetation6 positioned on rocky ground1, 2, rocky outcrops4, 6, among rocky crags, on steep cliffs3, 4, 6, on the tops of low hills4, or on low vegetation hummocks and snow-free patches on islands in river channels6. Nesting sites accumulate nesting materials as they are often used year after year4, and the species may sometimes nest among seabird colonies3. Management information An investigation carried out in one of the species's wintering areas (UK) found that it was most likely to forage on improved grasslands with high abundances of the grass Lolium perenne and white clover Trifolium repens8 (the growth of which is greatly influenced by the amount of summer grazing, which controls the grass height)10. Preferred fields were between 4 and 10 ha in area (the species avoided fields of less than 2-3 ha), and at an optimal distance of less than 5 km away from roosting sites (maximum 7 km away)8. The species was also found to show a preference for grasslands with swards less than 10 cm in height (optimum 2 cm) in fields that had been cut for silage and then grazed (although there was no major difference in feeding intensity on pastures grazed with different livestock)8. Overall winter use of grassland fertilised with large amounts of nitrogen was significantly greater than the use of unfertilised grassland by the species8. The Barnacle Goose Management Scheme (BGMS) in Scotland, UK recommends fertilising farmland adjacent to reserves containing wintering groups of this species at times when geese are present (e.g. autumn or winter) and grazing stock (sheep or cattle) are absent9. The BGMS also awards payments to farmers who manage pastures outside of established reserves for reducing the level of disturbance (e.g. scaring away feeding flocks) on their land9[2].

List of Habitats:

• 4 Grassland
• 4.1 Grassland - Tundra
• 12 Marine Intertidal
• 12.1 Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline
• 12.4 Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats
• 12.5 Marine Intertidal - Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses)
• 12.6 Marine Intertidal - Tidepools
• 14 Artificial/Terrestrial
• 14.2 Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland

Biology

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Branta leucopsis (Bechstein, 1803)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Branta

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 18 species and subspecies in this genus:

B. bernicla (White-Bellied Brant) · B. bernicla hrota (Brant) · B. canadensis (Greater Canada Goose) · B. canadensis canadensis (Canada Goose) · B. canadensis fulva (Canada Goose) · B. canadensis hutchinsii (Canada Goose) · B. canadensis interior (Canada Goose) · B. canadensis leucopareia (Aleutian Canada Goose) · B. canadensis maxima (Canada Goose) · B. canadensis minima (Cackling Canada Goose) · B. canadensis moffitti (Canada Goose) · B. canadensis occidentalis (Canada Goose) · B. canadensis parvipes (Canada Goose) · B. canadensis taverneri (Canada Goose) · B. hutchinsii (Cackling Goose) · B. leucopsis (Barnacle Goose) · B. ruficollis (Red-Breasted Goose) · B. sandvicensis (Hawaiian Goose)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A List of British birds / London: British Ornithologists' Union, 1915. url .
• A biological investigation of the Hudson Bay region. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1902. url .
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• A catalogue of Canadian birds, By Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B., J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url p. 30, p. 30.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds: with notes on the distribution of the species / Saint John, N.B.: J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url .
• A check list of North American birds. Salem, Mass., F.W. Putnam, 1879. url p. 93.
• A dictionary of birds, by Alfred Newton, assisted by Hans Gadow, with contributions from Richard Lydekker. .. Charles S. Roy. .. and Robert W. Shufeldt. .. London, A. and C. Black, 1893-1896. url p. 375, p. 375.
• A hand-book to the birds of Great Britain / by R. Bowdler Sharpe. London: E. Lloyd, 1896-1897. url p. 237.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. url p. 132.
• A history of British birds, with coloured illustrations of their eggs. By Henry Seebohm. .. London, Pub. for the author by R.H. Porter [etc.]1883-85. url p. 512.
• A history of the birds of Europe: including all the species inhabiting the western palaearctic region / London: Published by the Author, 1871-1881. url p. 397.
• A history of the game birds, wild fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states, including those used for food which have disappeared since the settlement of the country, and those which are now hunted for food or sport, with observations on their former abundance and recent decre By Edward Howe Forbush. Boston, Wright & Potter Printing Company, State Printers, 1916 url p. 193.
• A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states: including those used for food which have disappeared since the settlement of the country, and those which are now hunted for food or sport, with observations on their former abundance and recent decre Boston: Wright & Potter printing company, state printers, 1912. url p. 193, p. 193.
• A list of British birds, comp. by a committee of the British ornithologists' union. London: British ornithologists' union, 1915. url , p. 163.
• A list of the birds of eastern North America / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 12.
• A manual of North American birds by Robert Ridgway. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1887. url , .
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• The standard catalogue of North American birds eggs. Albion, N.Y., F.H. Lattin, 1892. url p. 12.
• The water birds of North America by S.F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Boston: Little, Brown, 1884. url .
• The water-fowl family / by L. C. Sanford, L. B. Bishop and T. S. Van Dyke. New York: Macmillan, 1903. url p. 250, p. 583.
• The water-fowl family, London, Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1903. url , , p. 250, p. 250, p. 583, p. 583, p. 583.
• The wild fowl of the United States and British possessions: or, The swan, geese, ducks, and mergansers of North America. .. / by Daniel Giraud Elliot. London: Suckling, 1898. url p. 305.
• Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. New Haven: Published by the Academy, 1866- url p. 121, p. 146, p. 146.
• Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. London, The Society. url p. 253.
• Visitors' guide to the local collection of birds in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City: with an annotated list of the birds known to occur within fifty miles of New York City / by Frank M. Chapman. New York: Printed for the Museum, 1894. url p. 27.
• Water Birds on the Edge: first circumpolar assessment of climate chage impact of Arctic breeding water birds. WCMC Biodiversity Series 11 UNEP-WCMC url p. 17, p. 8.
• Wildbirds of New York / by Chester A. Reed. Mohonk Lake, N.Y.: Mohonk Salesrooms, c1912. url p. 48.
• Zoology for high schools and colleges / New York: H. Holt and Company, 1895. url .
• Zoology. New YorkHolt1892 url p. 218.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Branta leucopsis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 30January2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Avian Knowledge Network, Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network, Project FeederWatch
• Avian Knowledge Network, eBird
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• European Environment Agency, EUNIS
• GBIF-Sweden, Bird Ringing Centre in Sweden
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Bay of Fundy Species List
• Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, National System of Proetcted Areas
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
• Upper Silesian Museum, Bytom, Upper Silesian Museum, Bird Observations

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 11645
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-175014
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3085810
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 175014
• IUCN ID: 195935
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 132783

Footnotes

1. Standard Deviation = 184.500 based on 313 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2009. Branta leucopsis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 30 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.