Botaurus lentiginosus

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

American bitterns in California are found almost exclusively in emergent habitat of freshwater marshes and vegetated borders of ponds and lakes (Grinnell and Miller 1944). It usually hides, rests, and roosts solitarily amidst tall, dense, emergent vegetation , on the ground , or near ground on a log , stump , or on emergent plants. It does not normally perch in trees . It feeds in marshes, meadows, and along the edges of shallow ponds (Terres 1980). It also nests within emergent marshes within cattails, cordgrass, sedges, grasses, sedges of a wet meadow or marsh (Terres 1980).

Vegetation: freshwater marshes • Minimum Elevation: 1,500 meters • Maximum Elevation: 2,700 meters • Foraging Strata: Terrestrial • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbancet: Medium

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,664 meters (0 to 12,021 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats : 5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands

Biology

Diet

Forages within the emergent vegetation and shallow water of fresh or saline wetlands (Zeiner, et al. 1990). It feeds less often in adjacent shallow water of lakes , backwaters of rivers , or estuaries; and occasionally along adjacent shores. It feeds most actively at dusk or at night (Terres 1980), but also apparently at any time of day. It stands motionless and waits for prey , or stalks very slowly; it grasps the prey in the bill with a quick strike (Kushlan 1976b). It eats mainly insects, amphibians , fish, crayfish, and small mammals; also snakes , miscellaneous invertebrates , and birds.

Reproduction

The nest is a platform of matted , emergent aquatics , other herbaceous stems, sticks and/or leaves, usually in shallow water, but sometimes floating, or on the ground . It nests within the emergent vegetation and shallow water of fresh or saline wetlands (Zeiner, et al. 1990). Within the Prado Basin , the birds possibly breed in ponds with substantial tule/bulrush cover (L. Hays, pers. obs.). The timing of courtship and nest-building is unknown; eggs or young have ben reported April to July (Cogswell 1977). It is possibly polygamous, based on minimal evidence. It is basically a solitary nester , but is often in the vicinity of other pairs. The clutch size is usually 3-5, with a range of 2-6. It is apparently single-brooded. Incubation is about 24 days. The semi-altricial, downy hatchlings are apparently tended solely by the female, and remain in the nest about 2 weeks.

• Breeding Habitat : Wetland-open water
• Clutch Size: 2-7
• Length of Incubation: 28-29 days

Migration

Migratory

Behavior

A year-long, circadian feeder , but most activity is crepuscular and nocturnal (Zeiner, et al. 1990).

In a slough in Saskatchewan, less than 16 ha (40 ac) in extent, there were five nests (Bent 1926). Distances between nests have been as little as 18 m (57 ft ) in Michigan (Middleton 1949), 37 m (120 ft) in lowa (Provost 1947), and 46 m (150 ft) in Minnesota (Vesall 1940). The territory is probably used mainly for courtship , copulation , and nesting; size is unknown (Palmer 1962).

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001.

Similar Species

Least Bittern, Yellow-Crowned Night Heron, Black-Crowned Night Heron

Members of the genus Botaurus

There are approximately 15 species in this genus:

B. hibbardi · B. lentiginosus (American Bittern) · B. lentiginosus montagu · B. lentiginosus peeti · B. melanotus · B. pinnatus (Pinnated Bittern) · B. pinnatus caribaeus · B. pinnatus pinnatus (Pinnated Bittern) · B. poiciloptilus (Australasian Bittern) · B. poiciloptilus mathewsi · B. pusillus · B. stellaris (Eurasian Bittern) · B. stellaris capensis · B. stellaris stellaris (Eurasian Bittern) · B. sturmi

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. ENG url p. 6.
• A first book upon the birds of Oregon and Washington: a pocket guide and pupil's assistant in a study of the more common land birds and a few of the shore and water birds of these states / by William Rogers Lord. Portland, Or.: William Rogers Lod, Office of the J.K. Gill Co., 1902 ENG url p. 269.
• A guide to the birds of New England and eastern New York; containing a key for each season and short descriptions of over 250 species, with particular reference to their appearance in the field, by Ralph Huffmann...with four full page plates by Louis Agas BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company1904. ENG url p. 285, p. 353.
• A hand-book to the birds of Great Britain. By R. Bowdler Sharpe London, E. Lloyd, Limited, 1896-1897. ENG url p. 95.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. ENG url p. 126.
• A handbook of British birds, showing the distribution of the resident and migratory species in the British islands, with an index to the records of the rarer visitants, by J.E. Harting London, J.C. Nimmo, 1901. ENG url p. 447, p. 505.
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• A history of British birds, indigenous and migratory: including their organization, habits, and relations; remarks on classification and nomenclature; an account of the principal organs of birds, and observations relative to practical ornithology By W London, Printed for Scott, Webster, and Geary, 1837-1852 ENG url p. 405, p. 417.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater London, Witherby and co., 1912. ENG url p. 79.
• A list of the birds of New Hampshire. By Glover M. Allen. Manchester, N.H., Nature Study press, 1903. ENG url p. 207.
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1887. ENG url p. 126.
• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada, by Thomas Nuttall. Boston, Little, Brown, 1903. ENG url p. 99.
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• A systematic list of the birds of California / by Joseph Grinnell. Hollywood: Cooper Ornithological Club, 1912. ENG url p. 8.
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• The Journal of the Maine Ornithological Society. Bangor: Maine Ornithological Society, 1899-1911. ENG url p. 14.
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• The Wilson bulletin. Columbus, Ohio: Wilson Ornithological Society, 1894- ENG url p. 60.
• The baculum of the gorilla [by] D. Dwight Davis. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1951. ENG url p. 650.
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• The birds of Connecticut, by John Hall Sage and Louis Bennett Bishop, assisted by Walter Parks Bliss. Hartford, Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1913. ENG url p. 190, p. 192, p. 361, p. 43.
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• The birds of Illinois and Wisconsin. Chicago, 1909. ENG url p. 363, p. 363, p. 726, p. 726, p. 752, p. 752, p. 80, p. 80, p. 83, p. 83.
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• The birds of Norfolk: with remarks on their habits, migration, and local distribution / by Henry Stevenson. London: J. Van Voorst, 1866-1890. ENG url p. 174, p. 445.
• The birds of Ontario; being a concise account of every species of bird known to have been found in Ontario with a description of their nests and eggs and instructions for collecting birds and preparing and preserving skins By Thomas McIlwraith. London, T. F. Unwin, 1894. ENG url p. 105.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. Botaurus lentiginosus. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org . Downloaded on 21 October 2006.
• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 3, 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 10, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 15 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program, Understanding the Plants and Animals of Western Riverside County MSHCP University of California, Berkeley and Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 10, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Bird Studies Canada: BC Coastal Waterbird Survey
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• GBIF-Sweden: Birds (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Bay of Fundy Species List (OBIS Canada)
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• UCLA-Dickey Bird Collection (UCLA-Dickey): Bird specimens
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Alberta: University of Alberta Ornithology Collection

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3851797
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-174856
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13852038
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 174856
• IUCN ID: 49612
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNGA01020
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 4517

Footnotes

1. Mean = 255.110 meters (836.975 feet), Standard Deviation = 378.970 based on 8,381 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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