Overview
The Great Blue Heron is the best known and most widely distributed of all North American herons. These large gray-blue birds with their long legs , necks, and bills are familiar sights throughout many parts of the United States as they stand silently and majestically in shallow water poised to launch at unsuspecting prey , or fly overhead with neck curled over their shoulders , long legs extended, and widespread wings slowly and gracefully beating.
Interesting Facts
- Great blue herons are large-bodied, from 40 to 50 inches tall. Their black crown extends backward in a 10-inch plume over each eye. Their heads are black and white; their bodies are bluish-gray. Look for a black shoulder patch with a smaller cinnamon patch just behind it. Their breasts and bellies are black with white streaks. The two sexes are alike in color, but females may be 10 percent smaller than males.[1]
- Widespread and fairly common, Great Blue Herons are frequently incorrectly referred to as "cranes" and may be found near almost any type of water feature.
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in English:
big cranky, Blue Crane, California heron, Crane, Espiritu Santo heron, Florida heron, gray crane, Great Blue Heron, great white heron, Long john, northwestern coast heron, poor joe, San Lucas heron, Treganza's heron, Ward's heron
Common Names in French:
Grand H, grand héron, grand héron
Common Names in German:
Kanadareiher
Common Names in Japanese:
オオアオサギ
Common Names in Russian:
Цапля большая голубая
Common Names in Spanish:
Garza Azul, Garza Morena
Description
Physical Description
Adult : Head : Crown: bold black line on side Face : Eyebrow Line: white Bill: yellowish Length : long Size: stout Neck: Foreneck: white with black and white streaking in midline Body: blue-gray Legs : Leg Color: blackish yellow Tail: Length: short.
Color:
The Great Blue Heron is gray-blue overall. A dark stripe
extends
dorsally
above the eye. The front of the throat
is light gray with
dark streaks. The bill is yellowish, and the legs
are brown.
Adult
: White crown and face
· Black plume extending from above
and behind
eye to beyond back of head
· Brownish-buff neck
with black-bordered white stripe down center of foreneck ·
Blue-gray back, wings
and belly · Black shoulder
·
Shaggy neck and back plumes in alternate plumage
Immature
: Black cap · Brownish-gray back and upperwings ·
Lacks shaggy neck and back plumes · Lacks black plume extending
from behind eye
"Great White Heron": White morph
of Great Blue Heron ·
Large yellow bill · Yellow legs · White plumage ·
Single white plume extending back from above eye · Found only
in South Florida, rarely north along the coast
Size/Age/Growth
About 38 to 52 inches long, with a wingspan of 77 to 82 inches. Adults
weigh about 91.2 ounces
.
Adult herons are 1.1-1.3 m
(3.5-4.3 ft
) long and have a wingspan
up to 2.1 m (7 ft). Hollow boned, they weigh 2.3-3.6 kg
(5-8 lb
).
Males are slightly larger than females.
Habitat
The Great Blue Heron forages close to shore in slow-moving water in both marine and freshwater environments, including coastal habitats , estuaries, mangroves , rivers , and lakes . Nesting sites require tall trees such as are found in wooded swamps . Nests are often on islands safe from predators .
Vegetation: freshwater marshes, saltwater and brackish marshes, coastal sand beaches and mudflats, freshwater lakes and ponds, rivers, tropical lowland evergreen forest, mangrove forests • Maximum Elevation: 2,000 meters • Foraging Strata: Water • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,146 meters (0 to 13,602 feet).[2]
Ecology:
List of Habitats
:
- 1 Forest
- 1.7 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level
- 5 Wetlands (inland)
- 5.1 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )
- 5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands
- 5.5 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)
- 12 Marine Intertidal
- 12.4 Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats
Biology
Diet
These herons forage
most actively just before dawn and at dusk but
may also feed
during the day and even at night. Seventy-five percent
of their diet
is non-game fishes
. In addition they forage for amphibians
(mostly frogs
), snakes
, crabs, shrimps, shrews, young rats
, mice,
ground
squirrels, pocket
gophers, insects (grasshoppers and dragonflies),
and sometimes small birds.
They use two fishing
techniques. In the first the heron stands motionless
in shallow water with head
extended at a 45o angle
to the water’s
surface, moving only its head and eyes. After waiting patiently for
a few minutes, if no dinner has come by, it moves a short distance
and again strikes
a pose. This time spotting a fish, the heron slowly
moves its head back and forth, then cautiously moves one leg
in the
prey’s direction
. Suddenly the bird plunges its head into the water
to catch
the fish in its bill crosswise. Then, if the fish is less
than one half the length
of its bill, it swallows it whole after
manipulating it to go down
its throat
headfirst. If the fish is too
large to be swallowed immediately or has dangerous spines, the crafty
heron uses its beak
to violently and repeatedly toss the fish into
the water until it is dazed and easy to eat or the spines snap. Sometimes
the fish is tossed on the ground until it breaks
up into smaller
portions.
In the second less effective strategy the heron wades around in shallow
water until a fish is driven out of its hiding place at which time
the bird stops and extends its neck. When the prey
is within striking
distance, the bird uncoils its body and thrusts its head into the
water in an attempt to catch the fish.
Reproduction
Great Blue Herons first mate at two years of age and select a new
mate each year. They usually nest
together in colonies called heronries.
Courtship
includes many displays—vocalizing, bowing, bill tapping,
and stretching to show off nuptial
plumes Mating occurs when the
pair bond is established
. Both sexes participate in the incubation
,
brooding, and feeding of their offspring. The male selects the nest
site which may be new, or reconstruction of one used previously.
It is usually located high on rock ledges, sea
cliffs
, or at the
top of tall trees
(pine, cypress, eucalyptus) or man-made structures.
Occasionally the site is the ground
. The male gathers the building
materials
and the female weaves them into a nest. It takes less than
a week to build a nest strong enough to support
the parents, eggs
,
and eventually, several large chicks. The nest is sometimes lined
with moss, lichen, twigs
, pine needles
, reeds, and/or marsh
grasses.
Twigs will be added from time to time while the eggs are incubating
and after the chicks emerge
.
Three to seven (average four) pale
blue to olive-green eggs are laid
in March-May. The male incubates the eggs during the day and the
female at night. The bird doing the incubating uses its bill to roll
the eggs over about once every two hours. The gestation period
is
about 28 days. Hatchlings
are almost naked, their eyes are closed
,
and they are helpless, but they develop rapidly. The parents place
regurgitated food (usually fish) in their mouths
at first, and then
on the floor of the nest for the chicks to pick
up. At two weeks
of age the chicks start cleaning their feathers
, stand upright with
wings
half opened, and vibrate their throat
membrane
to cool off.
At this time the parents start spending more time away from the nest
and less time brooding the chicks. At six weeks of age old they start
preparing for flight by walking around the nest and adjacent
tree
branches and at eight weeks fly clumsily from tree to tree returning
to the nest to be fed. They become independent
when 10 weeks old.
Great Blue Herons usually nest in areas relatively free
of human
disturbances
. Such is not the case at the Seal Beach
National Wildlife
Refuge in Seal Beach, California which is surrounded on three sides
by human activities including housing tracts. Here the year-round
residential herons nest on navigation buoys in a busy narrow channel
leading in and out of a marina, on a 23 m
(75 ft
) open tower within
sight and hearing of a major east-west highway, and in eucalyplus
grooves
next to office buildings and maintenance
yards
. While this
is amazing, even more so is the fact that the herons return to the
same nests year after year.
Migration
Northern birds migrate
Behavior
These birds stand patiently in shallow water or slowly stalk
their
prey
of fish, amphibians
, crustaceans, reptiles
, birds, insects and
small mammals. Their cry is much like a "grak" but they
are often silent. They are wary and cautious, ready to take flight
when disturbed
, flying with slow strokes of their long wings
, their
legs
extended behind
them.[1]
Great Blue Herons communicate with a wide range
of sounds
with the
result that heronries (rookeries of herons) are noisy raucous places,
especially after the eggs
hatch
. The birds sound “frawnk” in breeding
colonies when alarmed; “gooo” at the end of one of the courtship
display; “ee” when flying; and a series of clucks when foraging
.
The bird returning to the nest
lets its mate know it is arriving
by uttering a “roh-roh-roh” sound to which the nest- bound mate responds
with a series of displays. In addition to announcing his arrival,
the male often brings the female a twig
. She takes the stick
and
weaves it into the nest as the male taps her bill side-to-side. A
heron bringing food back to feed
the chicks, perches
a short distance
away from the nest for as long as five minutes. In the meantime the
hungry chicks shriek noisily in a chorus demanding to be fed.
These herons exhibit
as many displays as they make sounds. While
preening its feathers
with its serrated
bill, the heron extends its
neck and tilts
its head
so that its eyes can alternately look upward
to check for other herons or predatory
birds flying over the foraging
grounds
. When two birds approach in a foraging area, each extends
its neck fully, tilts its head over its back, partially opens its
wings, and erects
its body plumes. During courtship males make loud
bill snaps and females snap their bills at approaching unwanted males.
Paired
birds often do a rapid side-to-side tapping of each other’s
bill tip.
The herons that are not year-round residents depart for warmer climates
in early fall
. The usual migrating
group is three to 12 herons but
may sometimes be as many as 100. They travel day and night.
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
)
- C. Linnaeus, 1758
- animals
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
)
- (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
(
)
- Grobben, 1908
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
(
)
- (Haeckel, 1874) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Phylum:
Chordata
(
)
- Bateson, 1885
- Chordates
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
(
)
- Cuvier, 1812
- Vertebrates
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
(
)
- auct.
- Jawed Vertebrates
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
(
)
- Goodrich, 1930
- Class:
Aves
(
)
- Linnaeus, 1758
- Subclass:
Avialae
(
)
- Gauthier, 1986
- Infraclass:
Aves
(
)
- (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
- Cohort:
Neognathae
(
)
- Pycraft, 1900
- Superorder:
Ciconiimorphae
(
)
- Garrod, 1874
- Order:
Ardeiformes
(
)
- Wagler, 1830
- Suborder:
Ciconii
(
)
-
- Infraorder:
Ciconiides
(
)
-
- Infraorder:
Ciconiides
(
- Suborder:
Ciconii
(
- Order:
Ardeiformes
(
- Superorder:
Ciconiimorphae
(
- Cohort:
Neognathae
(
- Infraclass:
Aves
(
- Subclass:
Avialae
(
- Class:
Aves
(
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
(
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
(
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
(
- Phylum:
Chordata
(
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
(
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
(
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
.
Last scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001
Similar Species
Sandhill Crane
Members of the genus Ardea
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 24 species and subspecies in this genus:
A. alba (Great White Egret) · A. alba alba (Great White Egret) · A. cinerea (European Blue Heron) · A. cinerea cinerea (European Blue Heron) · A. cocoi (White-Necked Heron) · A. goliath (Goliath Heron) · A. herodias (Northwestern Coast Heron) · A. herodias fannini (Great Blue Heron) · A. herodias herodias (Great Blue Heron) · A. herodias hyperonca (Great Blue Heron) · A. herodias occidentalis (Great White Heron) · A. herodias sanctilucae (Great Blue Heron) · A. herodias treganzai (Great Blue Heron) · A. herodias wardi (Great Blue Heron) · A. humbloti (Madagascar Heron) · A. imperialis (White-Bellied Heron) · A. insignis (White-Bellied Heron) · A. melanocephala (Black-Headed Heron) · A. novaehollandiae (White-Faced Heron) · A. pacifica (White-Necked Heron) · A. picata (Pied Heron) · A. purpurea (Purple Heron) · A. sumatrana (Great-Billed Heron) · A. sumatrana sumatrana (Great-Billed Heron)
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Further Reading
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Notes
Contributors
- BirdLife International 2004. Ardea herodias. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org . Downloaded on 21 October 2006.
- BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
- BirdLife International 2009. Ardea herodias. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 30January2012.
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 03, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 12 providers.
- Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
- IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
- NatureServe. 2003. Downloadable animal data sets. NatureServe Central Databases. Accessed February 6, 2005.
- New Mexico Wildlife. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Version of April 24, 2009.
- Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
- Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
- Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 2, 2007.
- Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
- Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
- Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
- The Georgia Museum of Natural History and Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 03, 2008:
- Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
- Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
- Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
- Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
- Bird Studies Canada: BC Coastal Waterbird Survey
- Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
- Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
- Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
- Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Ontario Nest Records
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
- Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
- Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Bay of Fundy Species List (OBIS Canada)
- Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: SEAMAP - marine mammals, birds and turtles
- Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
- New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
- Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
- UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
- University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8827
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-174773
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2497311
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 174773
- IUCN ID: 192482
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNGA04010
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 254
Footnotes
- New Mexico Wildlife. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Version of April 24, 2009. [back]
- Mean = 1,387.940 meters (4,553.609 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,408.640 based on 5,701 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
