Araschnia levana

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Nymphalidae

'The Nymphalidae are members of the Superfamily Papilionoidea, the true butterflies. Distributed worldwide, butterflies of this family are especially rich in the tropics. They are highly variable, and there are more species in this family than in any other. Adults vary in size from small to large, and their front legs are reduced, unable to be used for walking. Wing shape is also highly variable: some species have irregular margins (anglewings and commas), and others have long taillike projections (daggerwings). Browns, oranges, yellows, and blacks are frequent colors, while iridescent colors such as purples and blues are rare. Adults of some groups are the longest-lived butterflies, surviving 6-11 months. Adult feeding behavior depends on the species, where some groups primarily seek flower nectar while others only feed on sap flows , rotting fruit, dung, or animal carcasses. Males exhibit perching and patrolling behaviors when seeking mates. Egg-laying varies widely, as some species lay eggs in clustsers, others in columns, and others singly. Caterpillar appearance and behavior vary widely. Brushfoots overwinter as larvae or adults.

'[1]

Subfamily Nymphalinae

Brushfoots are the most prevalent members of the Family Nymphalinae. Distributed worldwide, this is a diverse group that contains several tribes , each with somewhat different structural and biological features. Adults of North American species are predominantly orange, brown, and black. Wing shape and mating systems are variable. Most checkerspots and crescentspots patrol for mates, while the remainder of groups exhibit either perching or perching and patrolling . Migration varies widely; some strong migrants are found in the lady butterflies, tortoiseshells, and anglewings, while other species are local in occurrence. Most species limit their host plants to a few species, but the Painted Lady has one of the widest host palettes of all butterflies. Eggs are laid singly or clustered in groups, and caterpillars be found feeding alone or communally. Brushfoots overwinter as young caterpillars or hibernating adults.[2]

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,500 meters (0 to 8,202 feet).[3]

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Similar Species

Members of the genus Araschnia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1 species and subspecies in this genus:

A. levana (Map Butterfly)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A hand-book to the order Lepidoptera. By W.F. Kirby. .. London, E. Lloyd, limited, 1896-1897. url , p. 82, p. 83.
• A handbook to the order Lepidoptera. By W. F. Kirby. London, E. Lloyd, limited, 1896-1897. url , p. 82, p. 83.
• A revision of the lepidopterous family Sphingidae. By the Hon. Walter Rothschild. .. and Karl Jordan. .. (With 67 plates). Issued at the Zoological Museum, Tring, March 1903. London, Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., 1903. url p. 27.
• Animal aggregations, a study in general sociology. / by W. C. Allee. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1931. url p. 20.
• Annals of the Entomological Society of America. [College Park, Md., etc.]: Entomological Society of America. url p. 221, p. 279.
• Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 69.
• Bibliography (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) / Charles A. Bridges. Urbana, Ill.: C.A. Bridges, c1993. url p. 424.
• Biodiversity trends and threats in Europe: development and test of a species trend indicator RIVM, UNEP-WCMC url p. 51.
• British journal of entomology and natural history. [London]: British Entomological and Natural History Society, 1988- url p. 95.
• Butterflies. Vol. I-II. / Calcutta and Simla, Taylor and Francis;1905-1907. url p. 374.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. CambridgeUniversity Press1908-14 url p. 357.
• Catalogue of the collection of palaearctic butterflies formed by the late John Henry Leech, and presented to the trustees of the British Museum by his mother, Mrs. Eliza Leech, LondonPrinted order of the Trustees1902 url , p. 104.
• Catalogue of the collection of palæarctic butterflies formed by the late John Henry Leech, and presented to the trustees of the British museum by his mother, Mrs. Eliza Leech. By Richard South, F. E. S. London, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1902. url .
• Charles Darwin and the Origin of species; addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries, by Edward Bagnall Poulton. .. Published Nov. 24, 1909, being the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of 'The origin of species'. London, Longmans, Green, and co., 1909. url p. 282.
• Cistula entomologica. London;E. W. Janson. url p. 271.
• Colouration in animals and plants / by the late Alfred Tylor, edited by Sidney B. J. Skertchly. London: Printed by Alabaster, Passmore and Sons, 1886. url .
• Colouration in animals and plants. Edited by Sydney B.J. Skertchly. London, Alabaster, Passmore, 1886. url .
• Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia[Entomological Rooms of the Academy of Natural Sciences] url p. 122, p. 122, p. 321.
• Essays on evolution 1889-1907, Oxford, Clarendon press, 1908. url , .
• Essays on evolution 1889-1907, by Edward Bagnall Poulton. Oxford, Claredon Press, 1908. url p. 386.
• Essays on evolution 1889-1907. OxfordClarendon Press1908 url p. 342, p. 401.
• Experimental zoo?logy / London: Macmillan; 1907. url .
• Experimental zoology. New York, MacMillan, 1907. url p. 28.
• Experimental zoölogy / by Thomas Hunt Morgan. .. New York: The Macmillan company;1910. url p. 28.
• Insect life, by C. A. Ealand, M. A., with 74 full-page illustrations, 24 being from photographs by the author and 50 in colour from nature. 1921 London, A. & C. Black, ltd., 1921. url p. 28, p. 322.
• Insects. By David Sharp. London, Macmillan, 1895-99. url p. 353, p. 604.
• Insects. by David Sharp. London: Macmillan, 1909. url p. 353.
• International catalogue of scientific literature. LondonPublished for the International Council by the Royal Society of London1901-1920 url p. 162.
• Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] url p. 417.
• Journal of genetics. Cambridge: University Press, 1910-1977. url p. 85.
• Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Oxford [etc.]Royal Microscopical Society. url p. 437.
• Mimicry in butterflies, Cambridge, University Press, 1915. url , .
• Mimicry in butterflies, by Reginald Crundall Punnett. .. Cambridge, University press, 1915. url , p. 130.
• Mimicry in butterflies. CambridgeUniversity Press1915 url p. 130, p. 183.
• Molecular & general genetics: MGG. Berlin; Springer-Verlag, 1908-2001 url p. 99.
• Museum bulletin / New York State Museum. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 69.
• Nature. London, etc., Macmillan Journals Ltd., etc. url p. 141, p. 166, p. 18, p. 568.
• Photoperiodism and related phenomena in plants and animals; proceedings, edited by Robert B. Withrow, with the cooperation of Arthur C. Giese [and others]. Washington, 1959. url p. 600.
• Polskie pismo entomologiczne = Polish journal of entomology = Bulletin entomologique de Pologne Warszawa [etc.]Panstwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. url p. 161, p. 4.
• Proceedings and transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society. London, British Entomological and Natural History Society. url p. 10, p. 11, p. 14, p. 60, p. 61.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia url p. 314, p. 579.
• Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London [Eng]: South London Entomological and Natural history Society, [1897-1933] url p. 1, p. 10, p. 13, p. 2, p. 3, p. 42, p. 72.
• Report upon the fauna of Liverpool Bay and the neighboring seas, written by members of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, and edited by W.A. Herdman. London, Longmans, Green, 1886-1900. url p. 111.
• Spixiana. 2 1979 München: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, 1977- url p. 114, p. 148, p. 149, p. 151, fig. 24.
• Studies in the theory of descent. By Dr. August Weismann. With notes and additions by the author. Translated and edited, with notes, by Raphael Meldola. With a prefatory notice by Charles Darwin. .. London, S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1882. url p. 117, p. 719.
• The Bulletin of zoological nomenclature. London, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. url p. 88, p. 89.
• The Cambridge natural history / edited by S. F. Harmer and A. E. Shipley. London: Macmillan and Co.; 1895-1909. url p. 604.
• The Cambridge natural history, London, Macmillan and Co., Limited;1895-1909 url .
• The Cambridge natural history, ed. by S.F. Harmer. .. and A.E. Shipley. .. London, Macmillan and co., limited;1895-1909 url p. 353, p. 353, p. 604.
• The Collecting net. Woods Hole, Mass., The Collecting net url p. 260.
• The Entomologist's monthly magazine. Oxford [etc.]Entomologist's Monthly Magazine Ltd. [etc.] url , p. 18, p. 260, p. 262, p. 43.
• The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url , p. 101, p. 105, p. 107, p. 126, p. 127, p. 134, p. 135, p. 152, p. 169, p. 196, p. 204, p. 204, p. 205, p. 210, p. 22, p. 23, p. 23, p. 242, p. 26, p. 266, p. 275, p. 28, p. 286, p. 287, p. 291, p. 3, p. 315, p. 322, p. 325, p. 336, p. 337, p. 34, p. 351, p. 36, p. 37, p. 42, p. 45, p. 47, p. 48, p. 50, p. 51, p. 56, p. 57, p. 59, p. 61, p. 64, p. 65, p. 72, p. 75, p. 81, p. 86, p. 87, p. 87, p. 89, p. 89, p. 9, p. 90, p. 91, p. 92, p. 94.
• The Entomologist. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., [1877- url , , , , , , , , , p. 13, p. 131, p. 140, p. 140, p. 164, p. 171, p. 198, p. 20, p. 20, p. 20, p. 202, p. 202, p. 207, p. 207, p. 236, p. 236, p. 247, p. 247, p. 254, p. 254, p. 265, p. 265, p. 267, p. 267, p. 291, p. 291, p. 300, p. 300, p. 302, p. 302, p. 325, p. 328, p. 336, p. 336, p. 44, p. 46, p. 62, p. 69, p. 76, p. 76, p. 92.
• The Hope reports. Oxford: Printed for private circulation, 1897-1958. url p. 200, p. 441, p. 823, p. 865.
• The Journal of experimental zoology. [New York, etc.]Wiley-Liss [etc.] url p. 564, p. 564.
• The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. London: Academic Press [etc.], 1865-1968. url p. 532.
• The Lepidopterists' news: the monthly newsletter of the Lepidopterists' Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Lepidopterists' Society, 1947-1958. url p. 21, p. 33, p. 58.
• The Macrolepidoptera of the world; a systematic description of the hitherto known Macrolepidoptera, ed. in collaboration with well-known specialists. Stuttgart: Seitz'schen (Kernen), 1906- url p. 451.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. 39 1958 [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. url p. 312.
• The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada: with special reference to New England / By Samuel Hubbard Scudder. Cambridge: The author, 1889. url p. 1915, p. 1934.
• The experimental method of testing the efficiency of warning and cryptic coloration in protecting animals from their enemies, [PhiladelphiaAcademy of Natural Sciences]1912. url .
• The life-story of insects, by Geo. H. Carpenter... Cambridge [Eng.]G. P. Putnam's sons, 1913. url p. 103, p. 129.
• The life-story of insects. Cambridge, University Press, 1913. url p. 103, p. 129.
• The naturalist. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1865- url p. 31.
• The new natural history, by Richard Lydekker. .. and R. Bowdler Sharpe, H.A. MacPherson, F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, W.R. Ogilvie Grant, C.J. Gahan, F.A. Bather, Edgar A. Smith, R.I. Pocock, M. Bernard, H. Bernard and R. Kirkpatr New York, Merrill and Baker[189-?] url p. 85.
• The new natural history. New York, Merrill, c1901. url p. 3047.
• The ontogeny of insects; [papers]. London, Academic Press[1960] url p. 298.
• The principles of biology / by J.I. Hamaker. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Sons & Co., 1913. url p. 360.
• The principles of biology, by J. I. Hamaker; with 267 illustations. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, 1913. url p. 360.
• The royal natural history / edited by Richard Lydekker; with preface by P.L. Sclater; illustrated with seventy-two coloured plates and sixteen hundred engravings by W. Kuhnert. .. [et al.]. London: F. Warne, 1893-1896. url p. 85, p. 85.
• The royal natural history. With pref. by P. L. Sclater. Illustrated with 72 col. plates and 1600 engravings. London, F. Warne, 1893-96. url p. 85.
• The study of animal life / J. Arthur Thomson. London: J. Murray, 1892. url p. 314.
• The study of animal life / by J. Arthur Thomson. New York: Scribner, 1917. url , p. 394.
• The study of animal life, New York, C. Scribner's sons [printed at the Edinburgh press]1892. url , .
• Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. London, The Society. url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , p. 123, p. 200, p. 303, p. 330, p. 427, p. 441, p. 94.
• Zoologische Jahrbücher. Jena [Germany]: G. Fischer, 1910-1993. url p. 597.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 17, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 18, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 26, 2008:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen: Biologiezentrum Linz
• European Environment Agency: EUNIS
• Finnish Museum of Natural History: Hatikka Observation Data Gateway
• GBIF-Spain: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Lepidópteros
• GBIF-Sweden: Bugs (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn
• Institute of Environmental Sciences UJ: Lepidoptera of Cracow City
• Institute of Nature Conservation PAS: Bumblebees, cuckoobees and butterflies
• Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun: The Distribution Atlas of Butterflies in Poland
• SysTax
• SysTax: Lobbecke Museum Dusseldorf
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: Kenelm W. Philip Lepidoptera Collection
• University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology: Lepidoptera collection of Hannu Saarenmaa
• University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology: Lepidopterological Society of Finland

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2969952
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Lep-153820.0
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 631508

Footnotes

1. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/taxonomy?f=18&sci=Nymphalidae&com=Brush-footed Butterflies [back]
2. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Editha&search=Search [back]
3. Mean = 278.990 meters (915.322 feet), Standard Deviation = 315.310 based on 2,907 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.