Anas platyrhynchos

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Mallards, the ancestor of almost all breeds of domestic ducks, are the most recognized and widely distributed waterfowl in the world. Occupying fresh and brackish waters, especially in wetlands, they also utilize agricultural fields near water as habitat . They are dabbling ducks which means they do not dive underwater for food but feed at or just below the surface, upending in shallow water to get at morsels in the mud bottom .

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

These birds require shallow water habitats for feeding such as streams , ponds , lakes , marshes, swamps , wetlands, and flooded fields . The water can be fresh or brackish . Although not a preferred habitat, these birds are seen in saltwater marinas but not in the open ocean. They also need dry land for nesting and resting. In Southern California they can occasionally be found nesting in urban gardens under shrubbery.

Vegetation: freshwater lakes and ponds, freshwater marshes • Maximum Elevation: 1,000 meters • Foraging Strata: Water • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,215 meters (0 to 10,548 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour In temperate regions breeding populations of this species are sedentary or dispersive, often making local movements during severe weather5. Other populations are fully migratory2 with females and juveniles leaving the breeding grounds in the western Palearctic from Septemberand returning as early as February5. The species breeds between March and June3 in single pairs or loose groups1 although the exact timing varies with latitude3. While the females are incubating4 (from mid-May)5, 6 the males gather3 in small flocks and migrate to moulting areas6 where they undergo a flightless moulting period lasting for c.4 weeks5 (females moult near the breeding grounds)6. Outside of the breeding season the species can be found in small to very large flocks3 numbering up to several hundreds or even thousands of individuals7 especially when moulting5, on migration7 and during the winter2. The species may also roost both nocturnally and diurnally in communal groups when not breeding8. Habitat The species occurs in almost every wetland type1 although it generally avoids fast-flowing, oligotrophic1, 5, 7, deep, exposed, rough, rockbound waters and hard unvegetated areas such as rocky ground , sand dunes and artificial surfacing7. It requires water less than 1 m deep for foraging7 and shows a preference for freshwater habitats3 although it may frequent shallow brackish waters as long as they provide the cover1, 5 of submerged, floating, emergent or riparian vegetation, dense reedbeds or overhanging branches7. Habitats commonly frequented include flooded swampy woodlands, seasonal floodlands7, wet grassy swamps and meadows, oxbow lakes6, open waters with mudflats , banks or spits , irrigation networks , reservoirs , ornamental waters1, 5, 7, canals and sewage farms7. During the winter the species may also be found in saline habitats along the coast3 where water is shallow, fairly sheltered and within site of land7 (e.g. brackish lagoons7, brackish estuaries1, 7 and bays1). Diet The species is omnivorous and opportunistic1, 7, feeding by dabbling in water and by grazing on the land7. Its diet consists of seeds and the vegetative parts of aquatic and terrestrial plants (e.g. crops )1, as well as terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates (especially in the spring and summer) such as insects, molluscs , crustaceans, worms and occasionally amphibians and fish1. Breeding site The nest is a shallow depression7 or bowl of vegetation that can be situated in many different locations such as within vegetation on the ground, in natural tree cavities1 up to 10 m high (Africa)8, under fallen dead wood , on tree stumps6, under bushes8 and even in abandoned nests of other species (e.g. herons or crows)6. Nests are generally placed close to water2 although occasionally they may be some distance away3. Management information "Extensive" grazing of wetland grasslands (c.0.5 cows per hectare ) was found to attract a higher abundance of the species in Hungary19. Studies in Danish coastal wetlands found that the spatial restriction of shore-based shooting was more successful at maintaining waterfowl population sizes than was the temporal restriction of shooting, and therefore that wildfowl reserves should incorporate shooting-free refuges that include adjacent marshland in order to ensure high waterfowl species diversity20. The cyclical removal of adult fish from an artificial waterbody (gravel pit ) in the UK resulted in an increase in invertebrate food availability and an increase in the growth of submerged aquatic macrophytes, which in turn led to an increased use of the habitat for brood rearing by the species26. The removed fish (dead or alive) were sold to generate funds26. The species will also nest in artificial nest boxes1, 8 [2].

List of Habitats:

• 5 Wetlands (inland)
• 5.1 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )
• 5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps, Fens , Peatlands
• 5.5 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)
• 5.7 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)
• 5.14 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes
• 5.17 Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools
• 15 Artificial/Aquatic and Marine
• 15.1 Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha)
• 15.2 Artificial/Aquatic - Ponds (below 8ha)
• 15.3 Artificial/Aquatic - Aquaculture Ponds
• 15.6 Artificial/Aquatic - Wastewater Treatment Areas
• 15.7 Artificial/Aquatic - Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels)
• 15.9 Artificial/Aquatic - Canals and Drainage Channels , Ditches

Biology

Diet

The diet of mallards consists mainly of vegetation (floating, submerged, and emergent), but also includes aquatic invertebrates such as worms, mollusks, and arthropods . They eat seeds of wild rice, pond- weeds , water elm, and oaks, and visit agricultural stubble fields to dine on leftover grain. They also eat people food fed to them by humans in parks, at lakes , etc. This is usually bread which is not good for them.

Mallards have several eating strategies. They feed at the water’s surface by straining water through their bill, upend in shallow water to reach deeper food items either below the surface such as submerged plants or in the mud such as snails. Walking on land , they pick up food with the nail of their bill or strip seed heads and foliage with the bill's edge .

Taxonomy

Similar Species

Members of the genus Anas

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 91 species and subspecies in this genus:

A. acuta (American Pintail) · A. acuta acuta (Northern Pintail) · A. acuta drygalskii (Northern Pintail) · A. acuta eatoni (Northern Pintail) · A. americana (American Wigeon / Baldpate) · A. andium (Andean Teal) · A. aucklandica (Campbell Island Flightless Teal) · A. aucklandica aucklandica (New Zealand Brown Teal) · A. aucklandica nesiotis (Campbell Island Flightless Teal) · A. bahamensis (White-Cheeked Pintail) · A. bahamensis bahamensis (White-Cheeked Pintail) · A. bahamensis galapagensis (Galapagos Pintail) · A. bernieri (Madagascar Teal) · A. capensis (African Cape Teal) · A. carolinensis (Green-Winged Teal) · A. castanea (Chestnut-Breasted Teal) · A. chlorotis (Flightless Teal) · A. clypeata (Red-Breasted Shoveler) · A. crecca (Green-Winged Teal) · A. crecca carolinensis (Green-Winged Teal) · A. crecca crecca (Green-Winged Teal) · A. crecca nimia (Aleutian Green-Winged Teal) · A. cyanoptera (South American Teal) · A. cyanoptera cyanoptera (Cinnamon Teal) · A. cyanoptera septentrionalium (Cinnamon Teal) · A. diazi (New Mexican Duck) · A. diazi novimexicana (New Mexican Duck) · A. discors (Blue Winged Teal) · A. discors discors (Blue-Winged Teal) · A. discors orphna (Blue-Winged Teal) · A. drygalskii (Crozet Pintail) · A. eatoni (Kerguelen Pintail) · A. erythrorhyncha (Red-Billed Pintail) · A. falcata (Bronze-Capped Teal) · A. flavirostris (Yellow-Billed Teal) · A. flavirostris flavirostris (Speckled/chilean Teal) · A. formosa (Spectacled Teal) · A. formosa georgi (Spectacled Teal) · A. formosus (Spectacled Teal) · A. fulcigula (Mottled Duck) · A. fulvigula (Summer Black Duck) · A. fulvigula fulvigula (Mottled Duck) · A. fulvigula maculosa (Mottled Duck) · A. georgica (Yellow-Billed Pintail) · A. georgica georgica (Yellow-Billed Pintail) · A. gibberifrons (Sunda Teal) · A. gibberifrons gibberifrons (Sunda Teal) · A. gracilis (Grey Teal) · A. hottentota (Hottentot Teal) · A. laysanensis (Laysan Teal) · A. leucophrys (Ringed Teal) · A. luzonica (Philippine Duck) · A. marecula (Amsterdam Duck) · A. melleri (Meller's Duck) · A. nesiotis (Campbell Island Teal) · A. oustaleti (Anjouan Island Sparrow Hawk) · A. penelope (European Widgeon) · A. platalea (Argentine Shoveller) · A. platyrhynchos (Duck) · A. platyrhynchos conboschas (Mallard) · A. platyrhynchos diazi (Mallard) · A. platyrhynchos platyrhynchos (Mallard) · A. poecilorhyncha (Western Spot-Billed Duck) · A. poecilorhyncha poecilorhyncha (Indian Spot-Billed Duck) · A. puna (Puna Teal) · A. punctata (Pacific Black Duck) · A. querquedula (Garganey Teal) · A. rhynchotis (Australasian Shoveler) · A. rhynchotis rhynchotis (Australasian Shoveler) · A. rubripes (North American Black Duck) · A. sibilatrix (Southern Chiloe Wigeon) · A. smithii (Cape Shoveller) · A. sparsa (African Black Duck) · A. sparsa sparsa (African Black Duck) · A. specularioides (Crested Duck) · A. specularioides specularioides (Crested Duck) · A. specularis (Bronze-Winged Duck) · A. strepera (Common Gadwall) · A. strepera strepera (Gadwall) · A. superciliosa (Black Duck) · A. superciliosa pelewensis (Gray Duck) · A. superciliosa superciliosa (Gray Duck) · A. theodori (Mauritian Duck) · A. undulata (African Yellow-Billed Duck) · A. undulata undulata (African Yellow-Billed Duck) · A. versicolor (Versicolor Teal) · A. versicolor versicolor (Versicolor Teal) · A. waigiuensis (Salvadori's Duck) · A. waigivensis (Salvadori's Duck) · A. wyvilliana (Koloa Piwai) · A. zonorhyncha (Eastern Spot-Billed Duck)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Anas platyrhynchos. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 30January2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 19, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed September 25, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 28, 2007:

• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 11696
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-714703
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3085810
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 175063
• IUCN ID: 190932
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNJB10060
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 270

Footnotes

1. Mean = 1,204.240 meters (3,950.919 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,341.080 based on 796 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2009. Anas platyrhynchos. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 30 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.