Agelaius phoeniceus

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

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Description

Physical Description

Habitat

The Red-winged Blackbird inhabits both wetland areas, such as freshwater and saltwater marshes, and dry upland areas, such as meadow, prairies, and old fields .

Vegetation: freshwater marshes, saltwater and brackish marshes, arid lowland scrubs, riparian thickets • Maximum Elevation: 3,000 meters • Foraging Strata: Midstory • Center of Abundance: Middle montane: mountains, middle range, 1,600-2,600 m. • Sensitivity to Disturbancet: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,793 meters (0 to 12,444 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats : 3.6 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist 5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands 12.5 Marine Intertidal - Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses)

Biology

Diet

During the breeding season , it forages primarily on insects and other invertebrates . During the winter months it feeds primarily on grains. Large foraging flocks are common during winter and, less commonly, during the summer away from the breeding territories. Large migratory flocks may be observed during fall and early spring . Predation of eggs and nestlings is common.

Reproduction

Breeding season lasts from February through August. The birds commonly nest in marsh or prairie habitat . The female builds a cup-shaped nest about 1-2 m (3-6 ft ) above ground or water. She weaves the nesting material , usually grasses or reeds, into several upright cattails, reeds, or grasses for support . The female lays 3 - 4 greenish-blue eggs with brown spots, which she incubates for 11 days. Young are altricial. Both parents feed insects and insect larvae to the nestlings for 14 days. Then the young fledge from the nest. Red-winged Blackbirds are often polygamous.

• Breeding Habitat: Wetland-open water
• Nest Location: Ground-low nesting
• Nest Type: Open-cup
• Clutch Size: 3-4
• Length of Incubation : 10-12 days
• Days to Fledge: 11-14
• Number of Broods: 2, occasionally 3

Migration

Migratory

Behavior

Nest predators include birds, snakes , and the Raccoon.

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001.

Similar Species

Tricolored Blackbird

Members of the genus Agelaius

There are approximately 53 species in this genus:

A. assimilis (Red-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. assimilis assimilis · A. assimilis subniger · A. cyanopus (Unicoloured Blackbird) · A. cyanopus cyanopus (Unicoloured Blackbird) · A. flavus (Saffron-Cowled Blackbird) · A. frontalis · A. gubernator · A. humeralis (Tawny-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. humeralis humeralis (Tawny-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. humeralis scopulus · A. humeralis xanthomus · A. icterocephalus (Yellow-Hooded Blackbird) · A. icterocephalus bogotensis · A. icterocephalus icterocephalus (Yellow-Hooded Blackbird) · A. icterocephalus ssp · A. phoeniceus (Red-And-Buff-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus aciculatus · A. phoeniceus arctolegus (Red-Winged Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus brevirostris · A. phoeniceus bryanti · A. phoeniceus californicus · A. phoeniceus caurinus · A. phoeniceus cavrinus · A. phoeniceus floridanus · A. phoeniceus fortis · A. phoeniceus grinnelli · A. phoeniceus gubernator · A. phoeniceus littoralis · A. phoeniceus mailliardorum · A. phoeniceus mearnsi · A. phoeniceus megapotamus · A. phoeniceus nelsoni · A. phoeniceus neutralis · A. phoeniceus nevadensis · A. phoeniceus nyaritensis · A. phoeniceus phoeniceus (Red-And-Buff-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus phoenicus · A. phoeniceus richmondi · A. phoeniceus sonoriensis · A. phoenicius · A. phoenicus · A. ruficapillus (Chestnut-Capped Blackbird) · A. ruficapillus ruficapillus (Chestnut-Capped Blackbird) · A. thilius (Yellow-Winged Blackbird) · A. thilius petersii · A. thilius thilius (Yellow-Winged Blackbird) · A. tricolor (Red-And-White-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthocephalus · A. xanthomus (Yellow-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthomus monensis · A. xanthomus xanthomus (Yellow-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthophthalmus (Yellow-Eyed Blackbird)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. ENG url p. 16.
• A geographic classification of Neotropical mammals. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1958. ENG url p. 621.
• A guide to the birds of New England and eastern New York; containing a key for each season and short descriptions of over 250 species, with particular reference to their appearance in the field, by Ralph Huffmann...with four full page plates by Louis Agas BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company1904. ENG url p. 353.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. ENG url p. 219.
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• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater London, Witherby and co., 1912. ENG url p. 306, p. 308, p. 567.
• A list of the birds of New Hampshire. By Glover M. Allen. Manchester, N.H., Nature Study press, 1903. ENG url p. 129.
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1887. ENG url p. 600.
• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada, by Thomas Nuttall. Boston, Little, Brown, 1903. ENG url p. 417.
• A preliminary study of the distribution, food and reproductive capacity of some fresh-water amphipods. By George C. Embody. Leipzig, 1912. ENG url p. 30.
• Abstract of proceedings of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia]Delaware Valley Ornithological Club. ENG url p. 18, p. 2, p. 22, p. 27, p. 6.
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• Zentralblatt für Zoologie, allgemeine und experimentelle Biologie. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, [1912-1918] GER url p. 270.
• Zoologischer Anzeiger. Jena, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. GER url p. 389.
• Zoologischer Jahresbericht. Berlin, R. Friedlander. GER url p. 9.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed October 03, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• NatureServe. 2003. Downloadable animal data sets. NatureServe Central Databases. Accessed February 6, 2005.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• The Georgia Museum of Natural History and Georgia Department of Natural Resources

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 14, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Bird Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• The New York Botanical Garden: Bronx River Bioblitz
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3850972
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179059
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13729682
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179045
• IUCN ID: 54142
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBXB0010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 894

Footnotes

1. Mean = 519.470 meters (1,704.298 feet), Standard Deviation = 902.150 based on 20,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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